Breast Cancer Causes: Lifestyle Risks

Breast cancer remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, making understanding its causes, particularly those related to lifestyle, incredibly important. Despite advancements in cancer research, prevention, and care, many are unaware of the significant role that lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and alcohol consumption, play in the development of this disease. Dr. Gorman of Texas Breast Center is deeply committed to providing her patients with an advanced, personalized, and targeted approach to breast surgery and the treatment of breast cancer. Recognizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to cancer prevention and care, this article will delve into the many lifestyle risks associated with breast cancer.

Dr. Gorman and Texas Breast Center team understand that an essential aspect of breast health involves educating patients about the various lifestyle factors that can influence their risk of developing breast cancer. It is crucial to understand the connection between lifestyle choices and breast cancer risk to implement necessary lifestyle changes and engage in cancer-preventive behaviors. This article aims to provide a thorough examination of the relationship between lifestyle risks and breast cancer. By exploring these topics, this article hopes to empower individuals with the information needed to take proactive steps toward reducing their risk of breast cancer and promoting breast health.

Alcohol Consumption

Increased alcohol consumption is a significant lifestyle risk factor for breast cancer, with even small amounts raising estrogen levels and thereby increasing the risk. The American Cancer Society advises limiting alcohol to one drink per day, though some, especially those with a family history of breast cancer, may choose to abstain entirely. The type of alcohol consumed may also impact risk, with higher alcohol content beverages, like hard liquor, potentially posing a higher risk than beer or wine.

Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center emphasize the importance of understanding the risks associated with alcohol consumption and breast cancer. They provide personalized recommendations for managing alcohol intake as part of a comprehensive approach to reducing breast cancer risk and optimizing overall health.

Physical Inactivity

Physical inactivity significantly increases breast cancer risk, and maintaining regular physical activity can regulate hormone levels associated with breast cancer development. Regular exercise and physical activity are vital for reducing breast cancer risk by maintaining healthy body weight and regulating hormone levels. Dr. Gorman at Texas Breast Center encourages regular exercise, aligning with the American Cancer Society’s recommendation of at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week as part of a comprehensive approach to breast health and cancer prevention. Starting slowly and consulting healthcare professionals like Dr. Gorman before beginning a new regimen is essential, especially for those with existing health conditions or a higher breast cancer risk. They encourage patients to enjoy physical activities regularly, benefiting not only breast cancer prevention but also overall health by reducing the risk of other cancers, heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, managing stress, and improving mood. In summary, regular physical activity reduces breast cancer risk and has multiple health benefits, and Dr. Gorman’s team is dedicated to helping patients incorporate it into their daily routine to improve overall health and well-being.

 

Diet

A balanced, nutritious diet is vital for reducing breast cancer risk. High-fat diets, processed foods, and low intake of fruits and vegetables contribute to increased risk, while maintaining a healthy weight, reducing inflammation, and consuming essential nutrients can lower it. Dr. Gorman and Texas Breast Center team recommend a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, limiting processed foods, sugary and alcoholic beverages, and excessive red or processed meat. Research suggests a Mediterranean diet and possibly a high soy diet, combined with regular physical activity and limited alcohol consumption, is the most effective approach, although the evidence on soy is mixed. In summary, a nutrient-dense diet can lower breast cancer risk and improve overall health. Dr. Gorman and her team are dedicated to helping patients make informed dietary choices and develop healthy eating habits for long-term breast health and overall well-being.

Obesity

Obesity, particularly after menopause, is a significant breast cancer risk factor, linked to increased estrogen production, insulin levels, and poorer prognosis for diagnosed individuals. Dr. Gorman of Texas Breast Center emphasizes the importance of healthy weight management through a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and behavioral changes, promoting a gradual weight loss of 0.5 to 1 kg per week. She provides personalized support for her patients to develop a sustainable plan, set realistic goals, and seek necessary support, as it is not only about reducing breast cancer risk but also promoting overall well-being. In summary, maintaining a healthy weight can lower breast cancer risk, and Dr. Gorman and her team are committed to supporting their patients in managing their weight and reducing their breast cancer risk.

Smoking

Long-term smoking is linked to a modest increase in breast cancer risk, especially in premenopausal women, and various other health risks, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Dr. Gorman and Texas Breast Center team advise against smoking and provide support and resources for those wishing to quit. Although the breast cancer risk associated with smoking is modest compared to obesity or family history, quitting smoking improves overall health. Passive smoking may also increase breast cancer risk, so avoiding secondhand smoke is advised. Dr. Gorman is committed to supporting patients in their journey to quit smoking. In summary, quitting smoking is crucial for reducing breast cancer risk and promoting overall health, and Texas Breast Center team is dedicated to helping patients quit smoking and improve their well-being.

Night Shift Work

Night shift work can disrupt circadian rhythms and melatonin production, potentially increasing breast cancer risk, although evidence is not entirely consistent. Dr. Gorman at Texas Breast Center advises patients to practice good sleep hygiene, including a regular sleep schedule and minimizing screen exposure before bedtime, and for those working night shifts, wearing blue light-blocking glasses and maintaining a regular sleep schedule on days off. While the increase in risk is modest compared to other factors like obesity or family history, it is a modifiable risk factor worth considering. In summary, practicing good sleep hygiene and minimizing artificial light exposure at night can help reduce breast cancer risk. Dr. Gorman and her team provide personalized recommendations and support to manage breast cancer risk and promote overall well-being.

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight is vital for reducing breast cancer risk, particularly postmenopausal women, as obesity increases estrogen and insulin levels, both linked to higher breast cancer risk. Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center offer personalized support for lifestyle changes like a healthy diet and regular physical activity. While BMI is a common measure of healthy weight, it doesn’t consider muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Overall, a healthy weight reduces breast cancer risk and benefits overall health. Dr. Gorman’s team provides personalized recommendations to help patients maintain a healthy weight and improve their well-being.

Take Control of Your Health Today!

Breast cancer risk is influenced by several factors, including obesity, night shift work, smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and unhealthy body weight. Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center are dedicated to helping patients manage these modifiable risk factors through personalized recommendations and support. Achieving a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, consuming a balanced diet, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing exposure to artificial light at night can all contribute to reducing breast cancer risk and promoting overall health and well-being.

Take control of your health today by making positive lifestyle changes that can reduce your risk of breast cancer and improve your overall well-being. Schedule an appointment with Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center to receive personalized recommendations and support tailored to your unique needs and circumstances. Remember, a healthier you is possible, and it starts with taking the first step towards a brighter, healthier future. Act now to take control of your health and reduce your breast cancer risk!

See the other articles in the Causes series, including Genetic Mutations and Gender Influencing Causes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Breast Cancer Causes: Lifestyle Risks

What types of breast cancer are most common, and how does weight gain affect my risk?

There are several types of breast cancer, but the most common ones are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Weight gain, especially after menopause, increases the risk of breast cancer due to higher estrogen production in fat tissue. Maintaining a healthy body weight is crucial for reducing the risk of breast cancer and other health issues. At Texas Breast Center, we provide personalized support and recommendations to help our patients maintain a healthy weight and reduce their breast cancer risk.

How does hormone therapy and hormone replacement therapy affect breast cancer risk?

Hormone therapy, specifically menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Combined oral contraceptive pills, which contain estrogen and progestin, also slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. However, the risk decreases over time once these medications are stopped. It’s important to discuss the risks and benefits of hormone therapy with your healthcare provider. At Texas Breast Center, we provide personalized recommendations to help our patients make informed decisions about their health.

Does drinking alcohol or smoking increase my risk for breast cancer?

Yes, drinking alcohol and smoking are both associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed and the duration of smoking. It is advisable to limit alcohol consumption to moderate levels or avoid it altogether and to quit smoking. At Texas Breast Center, we provide resources and support for those who wish to quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.

Is there a link between breast density and breast cancer?

Yes, having dense breast tissue is a known risk factor for breast cancer. Dense breast tissue can make it harder for mammograms to detect breast cancer, and women with dense breasts may need additional screening tests. It is important to discuss your breast density and what it means for your screening guidelines with your healthcare provider. At Texas Breast Center, we provide personalized screening recommendations based on each patient’s unique needs and circumstances.

What are the signs and symptoms of breast cancer?

Common signs and symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast or underarm, changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast, unexplained pain in the breast or nipple, nipple discharge, and skin changes on the breast. However, it is important to note that many breast conditions that cause similar symptoms are not cancerous. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment, so it is important to have regular breast cancer screenings and to consult a healthcare professional if you notice any unusual changes in your breasts. At Texas Breast Center, we are committed to providing comprehensive breast health care, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

What is the role of genetics and BRCA mutation in breast cancer?

Genetics play a significant role in breast cancer risk. Specific genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. It is important to discuss your family history of cancer and consider genetic testing if you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer. At Texas Breast Center, we provide genetic counseling and testing to help our patients understand their risk and make informed decisions about their health.

Can physical activity and diet reduce the risk of breast cancer?

Yes, regular physical activity and a healthy diet can reduce the risk of breast cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week for cancer prevention. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats can also contribute to lower breast cancer risk and improve overall health. At Texas Breast Center, we provide personalized recommendations and support to help our patients incorporate regular physical activity and a healthy diet into their daily routine.

Is breast cancer screening necessary for all women?

Breast cancer screening is important for all women, but the screening guidelines may vary based on individual risk factors such as age, family history, and breast density. Regular mammograms are recommended for women starting at age 40 or 50, depending on individual risk factors. It is important to discuss your personal risk factors and screening recommendations with your healthcare provider. Texas Breast Center provides personalized screening recommendations based on each patient’s unique needs and circumstances.

What are the options for breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy?

Breast reconstruction surgery can be done using several different methods, including implants, tissue flaps, or a combination of both. The best method for you will depend on your individual circumstances, including your overall health, the size and shape of your breasts, and your personal preferences. It is important to discuss your options and the potential risks and benefits of each method with your healthcare provider. At Texas Breast Center, we provide personalized recommendations and support to help our patients make informed decisions about their breast reconstruction options.

How does being overweight or obese impact my risk of developing breast cancer?

Being overweight or obese is associated with increased levels of estrogen and insulin in the body, which can elevate the risk of breast and endometrial cancer. Excess fatty tissue increases estrogen production, which is a known risk factor for breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. The Texas Breast Center can help with personalized recommendations for maintaining a healthy weight and reducing cancer risk.

Can oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy increase my risk of breast cancer?

Yes, using oral contraceptives or postmenopausal hormone therapy, especially those containing both estrogen and progestin, can slightly increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Bioidentical hormone therapy and contemporary hormonal contraception have similar risks. It’s essential to discuss your personal history and risk factors with your healthcare provider at the Texas Breast Center before starting any hormone therapy or birth control medicine.

How does smoking and alcohol consumption affect my breast cancer risk?

Exposure to cigarette smoke and drinking alcohol increases the risk of developing breast cancer. Alcohol raises estrogen levels in the body, while toxins in cigarette smoke can damage DNA in breast cells, leading to invasive cancer. The Texas Breast Center recommends smoking cessation, limiting alcohol intake, and adopting a healthy lifestyle to reduce your risk.

Does my diet play a role in breast cancer prevention?

Absolutely. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low in processed foods, sugary beverages, and red meat can contribute to breast cancer prevention. Some studies suggest that a plant-based whole food diet, high in soy products, and low in western dietary pattern foods can reduce breast cancer risk. However, the evidence on soy products is mixed, and more research is needed. The Texas Breast Center provides personalized dietary recommendations and support to help you maintain a healthy diet and reduce your breast cancer risk.

How can I modify my breast cancer risk, and does pregnancy or breastfeeding affect my risk?

Being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and practicing mindfulness-based stress reduction can help modify breast cancer risk. Pregnancy and breastfeeding can lower your risk, as can limiting exposure to estrogen therapy and hormone replacement therapy. Having a child before age 30 and breastfeeding for at least six months can also reduce risk. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide comprehensive advice and support to help you understand and manage all known risk factors for breast cancer.

How does having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation affect my breast cancer risk?

Having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation significantly increases a person’s risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Regular screening mammograms, clinical oncology consultations, and preventive healthcare measures, such as risk-reducing surgeries (e.g., having your ovaries removed), are essential for individuals with these genetic mutations. The Texas Breast Center provides personalized care and support for individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations to help manage their increased risk.

Does taking certain medications like aromatase inhibitors or letrozole affect my breast cancer risk?

Aromatase inhibitors and letrozole are medications used to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. While these medications can reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence, they can have side effects such as symptoms of menopause, edema, and bone loss. It’s essential to discuss the benefits and risks of these medications with your healthcare provider at the Texas Breast Center.

 

 


Breast Cancer Causes: Hormone-Related Risks

Breast cancer, a predominant concern in women’s health, has roots traced to an array of causes and risk factors. One of the key risk factors is found in the complex relationship between hormones and the development of breast cancer. This intricate connection plays a vital role in understanding the disease and managing potential risks. At Texas Breast Center, under the proficient guidance of Dr. Gorman, the mission remains unwavering – to offer patients an advanced, personalized, and targeted approach to breast surgery and the treatment of breast cancer. Embracing evidence-based methodologies, the center keeps abreast of current research, including data from prominent organizations like the American Cancer Society, Cancer Research UK, and National Cancer Institute, to understand the hormonal risks associated with breast cancer. Through this article, readers will be enlightened about the role of hormones, from estrogen levels and aromatase inhibitors to hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and the impact of birth control pills in influencing breast cancer risk factors. Given the importance of health equity and patient-centric care, Dr. Gorman’s approach ensures that every patient is informed, empowered, and equipped to make the best treatment decisions.

This comprehensive article will delve deep into the correlation between breast cancer causes and hormone-related risks. The significance of this article is not just in understanding risks but also in appreciating preventive measures that can save lives. So, let’s embark on this journey to enhance our knowledge, guided by the expertise of Dr. Gorman and the legacy of care at the Texas Breast Center.

hormone molecule

Estrogen Exposure

Estrogen, a paramount sex hormone in the female body, not only oversees a woman’s sexual development but also has profound implications on her breast health. The interplay between estrogen and breast cancer risk factors is underscored by research published in journals like The National Cancer Institute. It’s essential to delve deep into various facets of estrogen exposure to appreciate their implications.

Early Menstruation

Women who commence their menstrual cycle at an earlier age find themselves at the forefront of prolonged estrogen exposure. Initiating menstruation before the age of 12 has been linked to a slightly higher risk of breast cancer than those who begin after 14. As cancer research suggests, this prolonged exposure increases breast cell proliferation, sometimes leading to mutations and thereby increasing breast cancer risk. On the flip side, women who experience a late menopause continue to produce estrogen naturally beyond the average age, potentially increasing their risk further.

Late Menopause

Late menopause, which refers to the cessation of the menstrual cycle after the age of 55, further extends the period during which a woman’s body is exposed to estrogen. With the ovaries producing estrogen for a more extended period than average, these women have a heightened risk. There is a great deal of breast cancer research available that reveals a direct correlation between late menopause and a slight increase in the vulnerability to breast cancer.

Hormone Replacement Therapy and Certain Oral Contraceptives

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially combined HRT containing estrogen and progesterone, is often prescribed to relieve symptoms of menopause, like vaginal dryness and hot flashes. However, certain types of HRT, particularly those with a combination of estrogen and progestogen, have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Oral contraceptives, commonly known as birth control pills, also play a role. According to the American Cancer Society, using combined oral contraceptive pills may result in a modest increase in risk, though the risk tends to return to normal over time after discontinuing the pills. It’s imperative to note that the landscape of HRT and breast cancer is continually evolving, with research such as the Women’s Health Initiative shedding more light on this intricate relationship.

Delving into the realm of estrogen exposure underscores the importance of women being informed about their choices, whether related to birth control or menopause relief options. Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center remains committed to equipping her patients with the information they need to navigate these decisions, drawing from worldwide epidemiological evidence and the latest cancer research.

Progesterone Exposure

Progesterone, another pivotal sex hormone in women, is instrumental in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. While its role in the body is crucial, there’s also an undeniable link between progesterone and breast cancer risk.

Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy Containing Progesterone

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has long been a beacon of relief for postmenopausal women, alleviating symptoms like osteoporosis and certain menopausal symptoms. However, combined HRT, which contains both estrogen and progesterone (or a synthetic version called progestogen), has come under scrutiny for its potential risks. Evidence from the Women’s Health Initiative and other cohort studies points to a significant finding: combined HRT can increase breast cancer risk compared to estrogen-only therapy.

In fact, studies show how the inclusion of progesterone in therapy might boost the risk of breast cancer growth. It’s believed that progesterone can stimulate breast cell division, a process that might inadvertently increase the likelihood of DNA mistakes, eventually leading to cancer. When juxtaposed with estrogen, this combined effect potentially heightens the risk further.

Moreover, according to a systematic review in The Lancet, even women taking oestrogen-only HRT for more than five years post-menopause exhibited an elevated risk of breast cancer. But it’s the combination, with progesterone, that remains more concerning. While combined HRT’s benefits can be substantial for some women, understanding the potential risks is of paramount importance.

The narrative around progesterone exposure and breast cancer risk magnifies the need for informed decisions regarding HRT. Dr. Gorman’s approach at the Texas Breast Center revolves around ensuring that every woman is equipped with comprehensive cancer information. The goal is to strike a balance between alleviating menopausal symptoms and ensuring optimal long-term health outcomes.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Breast cancer, the nefarious disease that has long cast a shadow over women’s health, has a web of intricate factors influencing its manifestation. The collaborative group, including the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, has worked tirelessly to shed light on some of these intricacies. Within this sphere, pregnancy and breastfeeding stand out as two key factors that interact with a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer.

Pregnancy’s Protective Effect

A woman’s journey through pregnancy results in numerous changes in her body, from hormonal shifts to alterations in breast tissue. Epidemiology studies, particularly cohort study designs, show that women who have had children, especially before the age of 30, have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than women who never gave birth. The exact reasons are intricate, but factors such as changes in hormone levels, particularly reduced lifetime exposure to estrogen, and changes in breast cells that make them more resistant to the changes that can lead to breast cancer, are believed to be crucial.

Another dimension to consider is the role of genes. While mutations like BRCA are popularly linked to a heightened breast cancer risk, paradoxically, these carriers see a temporary increase in breast cancer risk after pregnancy. However, after a couple of decades, pregnancy will have a protective effect, even for them. It’s crucial to be guided by a thorough understanding of family history and gene implications, especially when discussing the effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk.

Breastfeeding and Its Influence

Breastfeeding is another facet of maternal health with implications for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society posits that women who breastfeed for several months might reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. Biologically, breastfeeding makes sense as a protective measure. Not only does it alter the balance of hormones in the body, potentially delaying menstrual cycles and hence reducing estrogen exposure, but it also leads to differentiation of breast cells, making them less susceptible to the carcinogen-induced transformations that result in cancer.

Furthermore, during breastfeeding, women often have fewer menstrual cycles, leading to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, two sex hormones linked to certain types of breast cancers. The longer women breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. Breast tissue that has undergone the changes due to lactation has a lower propensity for carcinogenic transformation, emphasizing the protective role of breastfeeding.

To further complicate the relationship between breastfeeding, pregnancy, and breast cancer risk, one must consider other risk factors like body weight, behavior during pregnancy like drinking alcohol, and exposure to certain drugs, including antidepressant medications like celexa or citalopram. The Mayo Clinic, for example, has published insights on how alcohol consumption during pregnancy, even in moderate amounts, might elevate the risk for both the mother and the child.

In the intricate narrative of breast health, Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center acknowledges that while pregnancy and breastfeeding can play protective roles, they are but pieces of a much larger puzzle. Every woman’s body and circumstances are unique, and these factors interplay differently. Through a combination of advanced screening techniques and patient-specific risk assessments, a more holistic understanding of individual risks can be achieved, ensuring that every woman has the most accurate cancer information and the best care options available to her.

Obesity

In recent decades, there’s been a significant shift in global health dynamics with obesity emerging as a chief concern, affecting millions worldwide. The relationship between obesity and breast cancer is particularly important, not just because of the scale of the obesity epidemic but due to the intricate ways in which adipose tissue, commonly known as fat tissue, plays a role in hormone regulation.

The Connection Between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk

Post-menopause, a woman’s ovaries cease to be the primary estrogen production site; instead, this role is overtaken by the adipose tissue. Elevated body weight, particularly in postmenopausal women, signifies a higher volume of adipose tissue. This, in turn, translates to higher estrogen production, which has been shown in numerous studies, including those in cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev and br j cancer, to correlate with an increased breast cancer risk.

Obesity is also associated with higher levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the blood, two elements known to fuel breast cancer growth. The Cancer prevention initiatives by the American Cancer Society highlight the link between these elevated blood factors and the development of certain cancers, including breast cancer.

Moreover, fat cells produce adipokines, hormones that might stimulate or inhibit cell growth. For instance, leptin, which is more abundant in obese individuals, seems to promote cell proliferation, a key factor in cancer development.

Nuanced Implications of Obesity on Breast Cancer Type

While obesity increases the risk for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers in postmenopausal women, its impact on triple-negative breast cancer or other breast cancer types remains more elusive. Some studies, such as those conducted by the National Cancer Institute (natl cancer inst), have indicated a potential link between obesity and more aggressive forms of breast cancer, but these findings need more comprehensive validation.

Counteracting the Obesity-Driven Risk

While the connection between obesity and increased breast cancer risk is evident, the silver lining is that it’s a modifiable risk factor. Adopting a healthy weight regime, incorporating a balanced diet, and eschewing behaviors that contribute to weight gain can significantly lower the risk. The relay for life initiative, as well as efforts from cancer centers across the United States and the United Kingdom, underscore the importance of maintaining a healthy weight as an essential component of cancer care and prevention.

In conclusion, understanding the nuanced relationship between obesity and breast cancer is paramount. Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center underscores the importance of maintaining a healthy weight, especially post-menopause, as a proactive measure against breast cancer. The center offers a multidimensional approach, combining risk assessments, adjuvant therapies, and personalized guidance to aid patients in navigating the complexities of obesity-related breast cancer risks.

Hormone Receptor Status

Hormone receptor status is a critical biomarker in breast cancer diagnosis, dictating not only the nature of the cancer but also influencing treatment options and overall prognosis. Understanding this status is essential for patients and their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about cancer care.

What is Hormone Receptor Status?

In the realm of breast cancer, hormone receptor status pertains to whether or not cancer cells have receptors that bind to certain hormones, predominantly estrogen and progesterone. When these receptors are present, the hormones can fuel breast cancer growth. The key receptors are:

  • Estrogen Receptor (ER): Breast cancers with these receptors are labeled as ER-positive. Estrogen, a naturally occurring hormone in the human body, can attach to these receptors, promoting the proliferation of cancer cells.
  • Progesterone Receptor (PR): Similarly, if the breast cancer cells have receptors for progesterone, they are termed PR-positive. When progesterone attaches to these receptors, it can stimulate the cancer cells to grow.

The presence or absence of these receptors provides pivotal insights into the behavior of the cancer and potential treatment avenues. For instance, ER-positive or PR-positive breast cancers can often be treated with hormone-blocking therapies like tamoxifen or aromasin.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

On the other end of the spectrum lies triple-negative breast cancer, a type which tests negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and excess HER2 protein. This cancer type is particularly aggressive and lacks the targeted treatments that hormone receptor-positive cancers benefit from. Studies in journals like breast cancer res treat and cancer epidemiol biomarkers have extensively profiled the challenges and potential therapeutic avenues for triple-negative cases.

Testing and Implications for Treatment

Typically, the hormone receptor status is identified through tests conducted on tissue samples, often after a biopsy or surgery. The results can then guide treatment decisions. For instance, ER-positive breast cancers might be treated with drugs like tamoxifen, which blocks estrogen from binding with the receptors. On the other hand, triple-negative breast cancers might require a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

It’s also worth noting the importance of understanding a patient’s entire clinical picture, including other risk factors such as family history, genetic markers like BRCA mutations, and environmental factors. The collaborative group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, for instance, has pooled data from various cohort studies and case–control study initiatives to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these diverse elements interplay with hormone receptor status.

The Texas Breast Center’s Approach

The Texas Breast Center stays at the forefront of understanding the intricacies of hormone receptor status. Utilizing state-of-the-art technology and collaborative efforts, the center ensures precise diagnosis, which is the first step towards personalized and targeted treatment options. Moreover, patients are provided with related information, resources, and support to navigate their journey with confidence.

In essence, understanding the hormone receptor status is not just about categorizing the cancer but tailoring the most effective treatment plan for each individual. This personalized approach translates to better breast cancer survival rates and improved quality of life for patients.

Empowering the Future: The Way Forward in Understanding Hormone-Related Breast Cancer Risks

Breast cancer, a diverse and multifaceted disease, is deeply intertwined with hormonal and various other factors. From the vulnerability disclosure of adipose tissue playing a role in estrogen production to the meta-analysis of breast cancer survival rates, it’s evident that knowledge and research are our strongest allies in combating this condition.

The importance of understanding hormone-related breast cancer causes cannot be understated. Data from the American Cancer Society’s cancer statistics and journals like J Natl Cancer Inst and Br J Cancer constantly illuminate the relationship between the human body and the risk of developing breast cancer. Both endogenous hormones and external factors, such as diet and behavior, affect breast tissue and can lead to disease.

Moreover, it’s imperative to consider the role of drugs, from antidepressants like celexa and sertraline to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, as they may have implications for breast cancer risk. Similarly, certain cancers like colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer have shared risk factors, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to cancer prevention and treatment.

The benefits of an advanced, personalized, and targeted approach to breast surgery and the treatment of breast cancer at the Texas Breast Center are many-fold. From ensuring patients are at a healthy weight to providing palliative care, the center stands as a beacon of hope for many. Their innovative strategies, rooted in the latest research from collaborative groups and pooled analysis studies, serve as a testament to their commitment to excellence.

Cancer screening, early detection, and relay for life programs are pivotal to lowering the risk and improving breast cancer survival rates. Moreover, the role of the patient cannot be emphasized enough. Being informed about signs and symptoms, understanding one’s hormone receptor status, and seeking timely consultation can make a world of difference.

In the battle against breast cancer, knowledge truly is power. Whether it’s understanding the effects of diet and body weight, the impact of certain medications, or the genetic factors like BRCA that can increase risk, every piece of information paves the way for better outcomes.

Our call to action is clear: stay informed, be proactive, and seek consultation when in doubt. The Texas Breast Center stands ready to guide, support, and treat, ensuring every patient has the best chance at a healthy future.

See the other articles in the Causes series, including Age-Related Risks.

Frequently Asked Questions About Hormone-Related Risks

Can hormone therapy and breast implants increase my risk for breast cancer?

Yes, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly the combination of estrogen and progestin, has been linked to increased risks of breast cancer. However, the risk varies depending on the type of HRT taken. Estrogen-only HRT carries a slight decrease in risk, while combined estrogen and progestin HRT increases breast cancer risk. Breast implants have been associated with a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma called breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), but more research is needed to confirm the relationship between breast implants and breast cancer. At Texas Breast Center, we offer personalized consultations to discuss your individual risks and the best approach for your care.

How does being overweight or obese affect my risk for breast cancer?

Carrying excess body weight has been linked to an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. This is because fat tissue, or adipose tissue, produces estrogen, and higher levels of estrogen can fuel breast cancer growth. Moreover, overweight or obese individuals often have higher levels of insulin and inflammation, which may also contribute to an increased risk of cancer. Managing body weight through a healthy diet and regular exercise can help lower the risk. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide guidance on maintaining a healthy weight as part of a comprehensive approach to breast health.

What is the relationship between hormone receptor status and breast cancer?

Hormone receptor status refers to the presence of receptors for the hormones estrogen and progesterone on the surface of cancer cells. Breast cancers that have these receptors are classified as hormone receptor-positive (estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive) and can be treated with hormone-blocking therapies. On the other hand, triple-negative breast cancers do not have estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors and require different treatment approaches. Understanding the hormone receptor status of breast cancer is crucial for determining the most effective treatment strategy. At Texas Breast Center, we use advanced testing to determine the hormone receptor status and tailor the treatment accordingly.

What is the impact of hysterectomy and ovarian function on breast cancer risk?

Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries) can impact breast cancer risk by altering the levels of sex hormones in the body. A hysterectomy alone does not significantly affect breast cancer risk, but removing the ovaries reduces the production of estrogen and progesterone, which can lower the risk of developing breast cancer, particularly for women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. However, this comes with an increased risk of other health issues, such as osteoporosis and heart disease. At Texas Breast Center, we carefully evaluate all options to provide a personalized recommendation based on your individual risks and overall health.

Can taking certain drugs, like Tamoxifen, reduce my breast cancer risk?

Yes, Tamoxifen is a drug that blocks the estrogen receptors on breast cells, thereby helping to reduce the risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Other drugs, such as raloxifene and aromatase inhibitors, can also reduce the risk of certain types of breast cancer. However, these drugs come with potential side effects and are not suitable for everyone. It is important to discuss the benefits and risks of these medications with your healthcare provider. At Texas Breast Center, we consider all available options to recommend the most appropriate risk-reduction strategy for you.

How does menopausal status affect breast cancer risk and what role does hormonal contraception play?

Menopausal status is a significant factor in breast cancer risk. Pre-menopausal women have a lower risk compared to post-menopausal women. The use of hormonal contraception, which includes combined oestrogen and progestin, can slightly increase the risk of developing breast cancer. However, the risk decreases after stopping hormonal contraception and eventually returns to that of the general population. At the Texas Breast Center, we can help you navigate the complexities of hormonal contraception and its implications on breast cancer risk.

Is there a link between endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer?

Yes, there is a well-established link between endogenous sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, and breast cancer. High levels of these hormones in the blood have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This is because estrogen and progesterone can stimulate the growth of breast cells, including cancer cells. Understanding your hormone levels and their impact on your breast cancer risk is an essential part of the personalized care we offer at the Texas Breast Center.

Can certain medications, like antidepressants, affect my breast cancer risk?

Some studies have suggested a potential link between the use of certain antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like citalopram, sertraline, and paroxetine (Paxil), and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. However, the evidence is not conclusive, and more research is needed to confirm this association. It is important to weigh the benefits of antidepressants in managing depression and anxiety against any potential risks. At the Texas Breast Center, we consider all aspects of your health and work collaboratively with your healthcare team to provide the most comprehensive care.

Is there a genetic component to hormone-related breast cancer?

Yes, certain genetic mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can increase the risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Women with these mutations have a higher risk of developing breast cancer at a younger age and are often recommended to undergo more frequent screening and consider risk-reduction strategies, such as prophylactic mastectomy or oophorectomy. Genetic testing and counseling are crucial components of the comprehensive care we provide at the Texas Breast Center.

Are there clinical trials available for hormone-related breast cancer?

Yes, there are ongoing clinical trials exploring new treatments and prevention strategies for hormone-related breast cancer. These trials may involve novel hormonal therapies, targeted therapies, or combination approaches. Participation in a clinical trial is a personal decision and may offer access to cutting-edge treatments that are not yet widely available. At the Texas Breast Center, we can help you understand your options and determine if a clinical trial is appropriate for your specific situation.

What is the relationship between ductal carcinoma in situ and hormone-related breast cancer?

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that starts in the milk ducts (mammary glands) and has not yet spread to nearby tissues. Hormones, especially estrogen, can fuel the growth of some DCIS, making it hormone receptor-positive. Understanding the hormone receptor status of DCIS is crucial for determining the most effective treatment plan. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment plans for DCIS and other forms of breast cancer.

Can feminizing hormone therapy increase the risk of breast cancer?

Feminizing hormone therapy, which often includes estrogen and Medroxyprogesterone acetate, is used by transgender women and non-binary individuals assigned male at birth who are undergoing gender transition. There is some evidence to suggest that feminizing hormone therapy may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer, although the overall risk remains relatively low. It is important to have regular breast cancer screenings and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide inclusive and personalized care for all individuals.

Is there a link between endometrial cancer and breast cancer?

Yes, there is a link between endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus) and breast cancer. Both cancers share common risk factors, such as obesity, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and a family history of these cancers. Additionally, some genetic mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, increase the risk of both breast and endometrial cancers. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide comprehensive genetic testing and counseling to assess your risk for multiple types of cancer.

What is the role of randomized controlled trials in breast cancer research?

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in clinical research and play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of breast cancer and developing new treatments. In an RCT, participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental treatment or a standard treatment (or placebo), and the outcomes are compared. This design helps minimize bias and provides the most reliable evidence of a treatment’s effectiveness. At the Texas Breast Center, we actively participate in clinical trials and can help you determine if participation in a trial is appropriate for you.

What are the main risk factors for breast cancer?

The main risk factors for breast cancer include being female, increasing age, a family history of breast cancer, certain genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2), a history of breast cancer or certain non-cancerous breast diseases, exposure to estrogen (e.g., hormone replacement therapy, late menopause, early menstruation), obesity, and lack of physical activity. Other factors, such as alcohol consumption, radiation exposure, and having dense breasts, can also increase risk. At the Texas Breast Center, we provide comprehensive risk assessment and personalized prevention strategies.

Does having ovarian cancer affect the relative risk of developing breast neoplasms related to hormone exposure?

Yes, having ovarian cancer can affect the relative risk of developing hormone-related breast neoplasms. The ovaries produce the majority of estrogen in premenopausal women, and alterations in ovarian function can lead to changes in hormone levels. Estrogen exposure is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, and conditions that affect estrogen production, like ovarian cancer, can modify the relative risk of developing breast neoplasms. It’s crucial to monitor and manage hormone levels in women with ovarian cancer. At Texas Breast Center, we provide comprehensive care to assess and manage hormone-related risks for breast cancer.

 


Breast Cancer Causes: Gender Influencing Causes

Breast cancer, a widespread condition that affects millions of people worldwide, is not indiscriminate. Its incidence and course are shaped by a myriad of factors—genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and more. Yet, among these various influences, one factor plays an especially profound role: gender.

This disease does not see all genders as equal. It selects, discriminates, and alters its strategies based on the gender of the individual it targets. Women, due to their unique biological and hormonal makeup, have a substantially higher risk of developing breast cancer. Meanwhile, men, while less likely to face the disease, often confront more advanced forms of it due to later diagnoses. These gender-related risks and outcomes are not just statistical quirks. They are critical dimensions of the disease that shape the way we approach prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

At the Texas Breast Center, Dr. Valerie Gorman and her expert team recognize and address these gender-influenced nuances of breast cancer. Their approach is rooted in the belief that understanding and respecting the distinctive aspects of each patient—including gender-specific factors—can lead to more precise diagnoses, more personalized treatments, and, ultimately, better health outcomes.

In the spirit of this commitment, this article delves into the gender-influenced causes and risk factors of breast cancer. It explores how the female and male genders, with their unique hormonal profiles and breast tissue compositions, interact differently with the disease. This exploration will not only deepen our understanding of breast cancer but also reaffirm the importance of a personalized, gender-conscious approach to tackling this challenging disease.

Gender-related Risk Factors

As we delve deeper into our discussion on breast cancer causes, it is imperative to focus on one of the most significant contributors – gender. In the complex landscape of risk factors that shape the occurrence and progression of breast cancer, gender holds a key position. It influences not only the likelihood of developing the disease but also the way it presents and progresses. This section aims to illuminate how the female and male genders, each with their unique hormonal environment and breast tissue composition, interact differently with breast cancer. By understanding these gender-related risk factors, we can promote more tailored prevention strategies and treatment plans, which is at the heart of the personalized approach of Dr. Gorman and her team at the Texas Breast Center.

 

Female Gender

When it comes to the occurrence of breast cancer, it is indisputable that women bear a disproportionately higher risk. This heightened susceptibility is largely due to the distinctive hormonal environment and the specific composition of female breast tissue.

Hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, have a crucial role in women’s reproductive health. However, their influence extends beyond fertility and has a significant bearing on the development of breast cancer. Longer lifetime exposure to these hormones, either due to early menstruation (before the age of 12) or late menopause (after the age of 55), can increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer.

Moreover, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of female breast tissue further contribute to this risk. The breast tissue in women is mostly composed of dense glandular and fibrous tissue, which not only makes tumors harder to detect but also increases the probability of cancerous changes.

Male Gender

In comparison to women, men have a significantly lower risk of breast cancer – less than 1% of all breast cancers occur in men. However, this reduced incidence should not encourage complacency. Men can and do get breast cancer. It is often diagnosed at a later stage in men due to lower awareness, resulting in less frequent screening and a lack of emphasis on self-examinations.

The anatomy of male breast tissue, being less dense, often means that tumors can be more easily palpated. Yet, a lack of awareness about male breast cancer can delay diagnosis, leading to a potentially poorer prognosis. This highlights the importance of education and awareness, a commitment that Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center stand by, ensuring all patients, regardless of their gender, receive personalized and comprehensive care.

Hormonal Influences

Within the realm of gender-related risk factors, hormonal influences take center stage. Hormones, the body’s chemical messengers, hold significant sway over our health, including the development and progression of diseases like breast cancer. This section will delve into the specific roles of estrogen and testosterone – hormones that are differentially present in males and females – in the context of breast cancer risk. By shedding light on these intricate hormonal dynamics, we aim to enhance the understanding of these complex interactions, enabling healthcare providers like Dr. Gorman and the team at Texas Breast Center to devise treatment plans that are as individualized as the patients they serve.

Estrogen

Estrogen is a hormone that not only regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in women but also plays a pivotal role in breast cancer development. A woman’s risk of developing breast cancer is linked to her exposure to estrogen throughout her life. As mentioned before, early onset of menstruation and late menopause result in prolonged exposure to estrogen, thus increasing breast cancer risk.

Furthermore, the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly therapies that include both estrogen and progesterone, has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The risk appears to increase the longer a woman uses HRT and decreases over time once she stops using these medicines.

Testosterone

While the primary focus in the realm of breast cancer and hormones often falls on estrogen and progesterone, testosterone also plays a critical role. In men, lower levels of testosterone have been proposed as a possible factor in the development of breast cancer. Testosterone, a hormone present in both men and women, but in much higher levels in men, has a protective role against breast cancer. Thus, lower levels of testosterone might increase the risk of breast cancer in men. However, research in this area is still emerging, and a conclusive link has not been definitively established.

Texas Breast Center: Your Partnership for Personalized Breast Health Care

Understanding the interplay of gender and hormones in the development and progression of breast cancer is vital in developing effective preventive strategies and treatment plans. It underscores the importance of a personalized approach to breast health, taking into account the unique circumstances and risk factors inherent to each patient.

At the Texas Breast Center, Dr. Gorman and her team remain steadfastly committed to providing advanced, personalized, and targeted breast cancer care. Emphasizing patient education, early detection, and state-of-the-art treatment options, their approach ensures the highest standard of care for every patient, irrespective of gender.

Being proactive about breast health is essential. Regardless of your gender, understanding your unique risk factors, including how hormones influence your breast cancer risk, can be a life-saving decision. The team at the Texas Breast Center, led by Dr. Valerie Gorman, is here to guide and support you on this journey.

Schedule your personalized consultation today. Let’s work together on a plan to prioritize your breast health, monitor for changes, and, if needed, develop a targeted treatment strategy that suits your specific needs. At Texas Breast Center, you’re not just a patient; you’re part of a compassionate community committed to overcoming breast cancer together.

See the other articles in the Causes series, including Family History Risks.
Also see, Breast Cancer in Men.

FAQ’s about Breast Cancer Causes: Gender Influencing Causes

What role does gender play in breast cancer risk?

Gender is one of the most significant factors influencing breast cancer risk. Women, due to longer exposure to female hormones and the nature of their breast tissue, have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. However, while men have a lower risk, when they do develop breast cancer, it’s often diagnosed at a later stage due to less awareness and infrequent screening.

How does estrogen affect breast cancer risk?

Estrogen, a hormone predominant in women, stimulates breast cell growth, including potentially cancerous cells. Prolonged exposure to estrogen, such as early menstruation, late menopause, or use of hormone replacement therapy, can increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer.

Can men get breast cancer?

Yes, men can get breast cancer, although it is much less common. Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Lower awareness and screening often result in later-stage diagnoses, emphasizing the importance of awareness in men too.

How does testosterone impact breast cancer risk?

Testosterone, primarily a male hormone but also present in women, has a protective role against breast cancer. Lower levels of testosterone might increase breast cancer risk, particularly in men. However, more research is needed in this area to establish a definitive link.

Are women who have never given birth at higher risk of breast cancer?

Yes, women who have never given birth, often referred to as nulliparous women, may have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer compared to women who have had one or more children. This is believed to be due to the longer uninterrupted exposure to estrogen and progesterone hormones that occurs in women who have not been pregnant.

Why is breast cancer usually diagnosed at a later stage in men?

Breast cancer is often diagnosed at a later stage in men primarily due to lower awareness and less frequent screening. Since breast cancer is less common in men, they might not be vigilant about noticing changes in their breasts and seeking prompt medical attention.

Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increase the risk of breast cancer?

Yes, hormone replacement therapy, particularly combined estrogen-progesterone therapy used after menopause, can increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk increases the longer a woman uses HRT and decreases over time once the usage stops.

How does early menstruation or late menopause increase breast cancer risk?

Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55) can increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer. Both conditions result in a longer lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone, hormones that can stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells.

Is breast cancer in men as serious as in women?

Yes, breast cancer in men is as serious as in women. In fact, due to lower awareness and delayed diagnoses, it can often be more advanced when detected. Men need to be vigilant about noticing any changes in their breast tissue and should seek medical advice promptly if they do.

Do birth control pills increase the risk of breast cancer?

Some research suggests that current or recent use of birth control pills with high doses of estrogen can slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. However, this risk appears to go back to normal over time once the pills are stopped.

Does breastfeeding affect the risk of breast cancer?

Breastfeeding can slightly lower breast cancer risk, particularly if it’s continued for 1.5 to 2 years. This could be due to the fact that breastfeeding reduces a woman’s total number of menstrual cycles, and thus her lifetime exposure to estrogen.

Is the risk of breast cancer the same for all women?

No, the risk of breast cancer varies greatly among women due to differences in genetic factors, lifestyle choices, reproductive factors, and exposure to estrogen.

Does male breast cancer have the same symptoms as female breast cancer?

Yes, the symptoms of male breast cancer are similar to those in women. They include a lump in the breast, changes to the skin or nipple, and discharge from the nipple. However, any change in the chest area or breasts should prompt a doctor’s visit.

Does menopause affect the risk of breast cancer?

Postmenopausal women have a higher risk of breast cancer, primarily due to longer lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone. However, the risk declines over time after menopause as hormone levels decrease.

Can lifestyle changes reduce the risk of breast cancer in both men and women?

Yes, lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and eating a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in both men and women. It’s always advisable to discuss lifestyle changes with your healthcare provider.

Can hormone therapy be used in treating breast cancer in men?

Yes, hormone therapy can be used in treating breast cancer in men, especially for those with hormone-receptor positive tumors. This type of treatment blocks the cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. However, the specific treatment approach is highly individualized, so patients should discuss their options with their healthcare provider.

Are there genetic factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in both men and women?

Yes, genetic mutations, most commonly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can significantly increase the risk of breast cancer in both men and women. These mutations can be inherited from either parent and they increase the risk of both male and female breast cancers.

How does breast cancer form, and what are some of its advanced stages?

The landscape of breast cancer, a leading health concern globally, is intricate and complex. Every breast cancer case is unique and depends on an interplay of biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Breast cancer arises when breast cells become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. If not caught early, these cancerous cells can invade other parts of the body, leading to advanced cancers, which can be challenging to manage.

What are the structural elements of the female breast and how can changes in these tissues lead to breast conditions or cancer?

The female breast is composed primarily of fatty, or adipose tissue, and glandular tissue, which produces milk. Changes in these tissues, often influenced by hormonal variations, can lead to benign breast conditions such as atypical hyperplasia or potentially malignant ones like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).

How do female hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, and male hormones like testosterone influence the risk of breast cancer

Female hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, play significant roles in both benign breast diseases and breast cancer. A woman’s risk of developing breast cancer increases with prolonged exposure to estrogen, such as early menstruation, late menopause, or use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Testosterone, a male hormone, is also implicated in breast cancer. In males, lower testosterone levels might be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, a less common but equally serious condition. Men who have Klinefelter syndrome, a condition characterized by an additional X chromosome resulting in lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of estrogens, are at an elevated risk for developing male breast cancer.

What roles do specific genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, play in breast and ovarian cancer risk?

Specific genes, most notably BRCA1 and BRCA2, are known to increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer when mutated. These mutations can be inherited from either parent, and individuals with these mutations often require more aggressive screening and preventive measures. BRCA1/2 mutations can lead to hereditary breast cancer, which accounts for a significant fraction of breast cancer cases.

How does breast cancer screening work and what are some of its challenges?

Breast cancer screening, including mammography, aims at identifying breast cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable. While mammography has significantly improved breast cancer diagnosis, it’s not flawless. For instance, women with dense breast tissue often require additional imaging due to the increased difficulty of detecting tumors in dense breasts.

How do environmental factors, such as alcohol and radiation exposure, impact the risk of developing breast cancer?

Environmental factors, including alcohol and radiation exposure, have also been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Regular consumption of alcoholic beverages can heighten the risk, with heavy drinking or alcoholism posing a significant risk. Exposure to radiation, especially at a young age, also boosts the risk of developing breast cancer.

What lifestyle and behavioral factors contribute to the overall breast cancer risk?

In addition to these apparent risk factors, lifestyle and behavior are crucial components in the overall breast cancer risk. A diet high in processed and fatty foods, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and obesity can all amplify the risk of breast cancer. On the other hand, maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, and breastfeeding can help reduce the risk.

What are some of the medical treatments for managing breast cancer, and how do they improve patient outcomes?

Finally, medical treatments, including certain types of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, endocrine therapies, antiandrogen therapy, and surgery, are all integral parts of breast cancer management. Adjuvant therapies, treatments given after the primary treatment to lower the chance of the cancer returning, can significantly improve survival rates in breast cancer patients.

How does precision in diagnosis and the right treatment plan impact patient outcomes?

Accurate and precise diagnosis, along with the right treatment plan, can greatly improve the outcome for a patient diagnosed with breast cancer. Moreover, advances in the field of cancer biomarkers and cancer research are paving the way for more personalized treatment approaches.

How are organizations like the American Cancer Society contributing to the fight against breast cancer?

The American Cancer Society, along with other global cancer initiatives, is dedicated to funding and conducting research to reduce the impact of breast cancer. From enhancing data collection to developing effective cancer programs, the fight against breast cancer is a collaborative effort involving healthcare professionals, researchers, corporate partners, and patients.

What role does the Texas Breast Center play in breast health awareness and patient care?

At the Texas Breast Center, we believe that education is a critical part of this fight. Our mission is to promote breast health awareness and provide the most advanced care to our patients. The journey to health equity begins with understanding, and we are here to guide you through it.

How important is individual risk assessment and early detection in breast cancer management?

While this article provides an overview of breast cancer causes and risk factors, remember that each individual’s risk is unique. If you have any questions or concerns about your breast health, reach out to a healthcare professional. It’s important to remember that early detection saves lives, and regular breast cancer screening according to guidelines can help ensure early detection.

 


Breast Cancer Causes: Age Related Risks

Dr. Gorman’s unwavering commitment to delivering unmatched and customized healthcare consistently leads the way in comprehending the complex nature of breast cancer. Our primary goal at Texas Breast Center is to foster an informed community, one that is equipped with the knowledge needed to prevent, detect, and address breast cancer efficiently. It’s with this vision that we delve into the topic of “Breast Cancer Causes: Age Related Risks.”

Breast cancer is a complex disease with a myriad of contributing factors. Among these, age stands as a significant determinant. Despite the prevalence of breast cancer in younger women, it’s important to note that the risk indeed increases as women get older.

In this article, we’ll explore the reasons why age is a risk factor, the mechanisms behind this link, and provide practical advice on how women of all ages can monitor their breast health effectively.

This article embodies Dr. Gorman’s commitment to offering an advanced and targeted approach to breast health. Our aim is not just to treat but to educate, empower, and encourage women to take an active role in their health journey. Our hope is that through this understanding, we can collectively reduce the impact of breast cancer and improve the lives of women across Texas and beyond.

We invite you to take this journey with us, one step at a time, toward a future where knowledge and proactive actions make a significant difference in the fight against breast cancer.

Increasing age

Breast cancer risk is intrinsically linked with age, with an increased probability of developing the disease as women get older. This is primarily due to the cumulative effect of several risk factors over time, including exposure to estrogen, genetic mutations, and the natural wear and tear process at the cellular level.

Estrogen exposure plays a significant role in breast cancer risk. This hormone is necessary for normal breast development, but it can also facilitate the growth of some types of breast cancer. Throughout a woman’s life, her body is exposed to varying levels of estrogen, primarily produced by the ovaries. Women who have had longer menstrual histories (i.e., those who started menstruating early and/or went through menopause late) have a slightly higher risk due to longer lifetime exposure to the hormone.

With increasing age, the likelihood of genetic mutations also increases. These mutations can accumulate over time due to various factors such as exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, and random errors that occur when cells divide. Some of these mutations can cause cells to become cancerous.

Moreover, the aging process naturally brings about a decline in the body’s immune function, reducing its ability to detect and destroy cells that have become abnormal, potentially leading to cancer.

While breast cancer can and does occur in younger women, it is less common. According to the American Cancer Society, the average risk of a woman developing breast cancer increases dramatically with age. Statistically, the majority of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women over the age of 50. In fact, the median age for breast cancer diagnosis in the United States is 62, with most cases occurring in this age bracket. This is not to say that younger women should not be vigilant; rather, it underscores the importance of regular screenings, especially as women age.

Younger women

Breast cancer is relatively rare in younger women, with very few breast cancer cases in the U.S. being diagnosed in women under the age of 40, according to the American Cancer Society. This is due to several reasons, one being that breast tissue in younger women is denser, which may limit the effectiveness of mammography and lead to later detection. Moreover, younger women have fewer cumulative lifetime exposure to various risk factors like estrogen.

However, when breast cancer does occur in younger women, it tends to be diagnosed at a later stage and often presents as more aggressive forms of the disease. One reason for this is that breast cancer in younger women can be more difficult to detect due to the dense breast tissue, as mentioned before. This might delay diagnosis and consequently, treatment.

Moreover, younger women are more likely to have what is known as “triple-negative” breast cancer – a type of breast cancer that is particularly aggressive and less responsive to standard hormonal therapies. This subtype of cancer does not express the three most common types of receptors known to fuel breast cancer growth—estrogen, progesterone, and the HER-2/neu gene. Therefore, treatment options can be more limited and the cancer can be more challenging to treat successfully.

Another aggressive form that occurs more commonly in younger women is HER2-positive breast cancer, which is characterized by the overexpression of the HER2 protein. This form of breast cancer tends to grow and spread more quickly than other types.

It’s important to note that, regardless of age, any new or unexplained breast symptoms should be evaluated promptly by a healthcare professional. For younger women, especially those with a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors, proactive measures such as self-examinations, regular clinical exams, and discussions with healthcare providers about individual risk can contribute significantly to early detection and improved outcomes.

Age at first menstruation

The age at which a woman starts menstruating, also known as menarche, can indeed influence her risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Research indicates that women who experience their first period before the age of 12 have a slightly elevated risk of developing breast cancer compared to those who started menstruating at a later age.

This association primarily stems from the lengthened exposure to estrogen and progesterone – hormones that are known to stimulate breast cell growth. Simply put, the earlier a girl starts her periods, the longer her lifetime exposure to these hormones.

During each menstrual cycle, the levels of estrogen and progesterone in a woman’s body rise to prepare for a potential pregnancy. These hormonal surges stimulate the growth of the glandular tissue in the breasts. Although this is a natural process, over time, this increased cell activity raises the chances of a DNA error during cell division, potentially leading to cancerous mutations.

In addition, early menstruation usually means a longer time until menopause. Menopause is another significant event in a woman’s life when the ovaries stop producing eggs, and the production of estrogen and progesterone declines. Therefore, the longer time from menarche to menopause translates into more menstrual cycles, and subsequently, a longer cumulative exposure to estrogen and progesterone.

While the increased risk linked with early menarche is relatively small on an individual level, it’s significant from a public health perspective given the high prevalence of breast cancer. This connection underlines the importance of regular breast cancer screenings, especially for women who began menstruating at an early age.

Age at menopause

The age at which a woman reaches menopause also significantly influences her risk of developing breast cancer. Research suggests that women who experience menopause after the age of 55 have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer compared to women who reach menopause before the age of 45.

This heightened risk is predominantly due to prolonged exposure to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which are produced in a woman’s body during her reproductive years. These hormones have been associated with stimulating cell growth in the breasts, and prolonged exposure to them can increase the chance of DNA errors during cell division, which can result in cancerous mutations.

Late menopause means that a woman’s body continues to produce these hormones, and her breast tissue continues to be exposed to their growth-promoting effects for a longer duration. This cumulative hormonal exposure over many years increases the likelihood of developing breast cancer.

Moreover, the risk associated with late menopause might also be linked to the increased number of menstrual cycles a woman goes through in her lifetime. Each menstrual cycle is associated with a surge in estrogen and progesterone levels, which stimulate breast cell multiplication, potentially leading to errors in cell replication and an increased risk of mutation.

While the increased risk associated with late menopause is considered modest, it’s significant enough to warrant attention, especially considering the high incidence of breast cancer. Therefore, it is crucial for women who experience late menopause to engage in regular screenings and take proactive steps to reduce their breast cancer risk. These steps can include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, which involves regular physical activity, a balanced diet, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding tobacco.

Age at first full-term pregnancy

The age at which a woman has her first full-term pregnancy can influence her risk of developing breast cancer. Research has shown that women who have their first full-term pregnancy after the age of 30 have a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer compared to women who have their first child before the age of 20.

This somewhat counterintuitive relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer risk is likely due to the complex interplay of hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. Pregnancy induces significant changes in the levels of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone in a woman’s body, and these hormones have a profound impact on the cells of the breast.

During a first full-term pregnancy, the breasts undergo permanent cellular changes. Before this, the breast cells are immature and more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of hormones and environmental toxins. A full-term pregnancy matures these cells, making them less likely to become cancerous.

However, this protective effect is more pronounced when the first full-term pregnancy occurs at a younger age. When the first full-term pregnancy occurs after the age of 30, the breast cells have had more time to accumulate genetic damage, which could potentially lead to cancer. Thus, the overall effect of a later first pregnancy might result in a net increase in breast cancer risk.

Moreover, during pregnancy, especially in the early stages, levels of estrogen increase, which leads to rapid growth of breast cells. This increased cell division can raise the risk of mutations and cancer development.

Despite this slight increase in risk, it’s important to note that the decision to have children and when to have them is personal and can be influenced by various factors. It’s just one of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, and having a first child after 30 does not guarantee one will develop breast cancer. As always, regular screenings and healthy lifestyle choices are key components in the proactive management of breast cancer risk.

Age at first childbirth

The age of a woman at the time of her first childbirth, or not having given birth at all, can influence her risk of developing breast cancer. Research indicates that women who never have a full-term pregnancy have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer compared to those who have their first child at a younger age.

One of the primary reasons behind this increased risk is the prolonged and uninterrupted exposure to estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are naturally produced during a woman’s menstrual cycle and have been associated with increased cell growth in the breasts. A woman who has never been pregnant has more menstrual cycles compared to a woman who has one or more pregnancies, thus increasing her cumulative lifetime exposure to these hormones.

During pregnancy, the breasts go through changes that make them more resistant to transformations that can lead to cancer. The cells of the breast differentiate, or specialize, to produce milk – a change that seems to make the breast cells less likely to undergo cancerous changes. An absent pregnancy means the breast tissue goes through fewer of these protective changes.

Additionally, the surge of hormones during pregnancy causes breast cells to rapidly divide and grow. While this is normal, increased cell division can also increase the chance of genetic mistakes or mutations, potentially leading to cancer. The risk of this occurring is higher in older women, as cells accumulate genetic changes over time.

It’s crucial to note that while these factors do contribute to an increased risk, it’s a relative increase and the overall risk remains modest. Not having children is a personal decision influenced by a wide range of factors. Regular breast cancer screenings and maintaining a healthy lifestyle remain the most effective strategies for all women to manage their individual risk.

Age at breast cancer diagnosis

While it’s true that breast cancer risk increases with age, the nature of the disease can vary based on the age at diagnosis. Generally, older women (especially those over 70) diagnosed with breast cancer tend to have a more favorable prognosis compared to younger women. This is, in part, due to the fact that breast cancers in older women often grow more slowly.

Cancer growth rate is significantly influenced by the characteristics of the cancer cells and the surrounding environment. Age-related changes in both the breast tissue and the body’s overall immune response can impact the rate at which a tumor grows.

Breast cancers in older women are often hormone receptor-positive, meaning that the cancer cells have receptors that attach to hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Hormone receptor-positive cancers tend to grow more slowly than cancers that are hormone receptor-negative. Moreover, treatments that block these hormones or their receptors can effectively slow or stop the growth of these cancers.

Furthermore, older adults often have a reduced immune response, which paradoxically, may slow the growth rate of the cancer. An aggressive immune response can sometimes stimulate cancer cells to grow and divide more rapidly, a phenomenon known as inflammation-induced tumor growth. The diminished immune response in older adults may limit this effect.

However, it’s important to note that although the prognosis may be generally better due to slower tumor growth, older women might face other challenges related to breast cancer management. These can include an increased risk of treatment side effects and the presence of other health conditions that might complicate care. Therefore, an individualized and comprehensive approach to treatment is crucial.

Finally, regardless of age, early detection remains the key to a more favorable prognosis in breast cancer. Regular screenings and understanding personal risk factors contribute significantly to early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Age-specific breast cancer rates

Breast cancer incidence rates do indeed vary by age group. It’s a well-established fact that the risk of developing breast cancer increases as women age. According to the American Cancer Society, women aged 70-74 generally have the highest incidence rates of breast cancer.

This trend can be attributed to several reasons. First, the process of aging itself results in an accumulation of genetic mutations over time due to factors like exposure to carcinogens, errors during DNA replication, and decreased efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms. These factors can eventually lead to the development of cancer.

Second, older women have had more menstrual cycles, resulting in a longer lifetime exposure to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, which are known to stimulate cell growth in the breasts, can over time lead to uncontrolled cell growth and potential transformation into cancer cells.

Third, as women age, they experience more instances of proliferative breast diseases with atypia, which are known risk factors for breast cancer. Atypia refers to the presence of abnormal cells, which are more likely to become cancerous.

Furthermore, the body’s immune system, which helps to detect and destroy abnormal cells, declines with age. This decline might allow some cancerous cells to multiply and form tumors before they’re detected by the immune system.

Despite the higher incidence rate in older women, it’s important to note that breast cancer can occur at any age, and younger women can also develop aggressive forms of the disease. Therefore, it’s crucial for women of all ages to understand their individual risk factors, including genetics, and engage in recommended screening practices for early detection of the disease. It’s also essential to maintain a healthy lifestyle, as several risk factors for breast cancer, such as maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical activity, are within an individual’s control.

Age-related hormone exposure

Estrogen and progesterone are hormones that are naturally produced in a woman’s body and play crucial roles in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. However, longer lifetime exposure to these hormones has been associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

This increased risk is predominantly due to the role these hormones play in cell growth. Both estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of cells in the breast — a normal process that facilitates the development and maintenance of the mammary glands in response to each menstrual cycle. However, with longer exposure to these hormones, there is an increased opportunity for the growth of cells in the breast. This increased cell division can potentially result in errors during the replication of DNA, which can, in turn cause mutations that may lead to cancer.

In essence, the longer the breast tissue is exposed to these hormones, the higher the chance that a breast cell could turn cancerous. Factors that can lengthen a woman’s exposure to these hormones include early menarche (starting menstruation before age 12), late menopause (experiencing menopause after age 55), late or no pregnancy, and certain types of hormone replacement therapy or birth control. Each of these conditions leads to a longer timeframe during which the breast tissue is exposed to estrogen and progesterone, thereby increasing the risk of breast cancer.

It’s also worth noting that not all breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive, meaning that not all breast cancers grow in response to estrogen or progesterone. Some types of breast cancer are hormone receptor-negative and grow independently of these hormones. Therefore, while it’s true that longer lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone increases the risk of breast cancer, it’s not the only factor at play.

Nevertheless, understanding this relationship underlines the importance of regular breast cancer screenings and lifestyle modifications where possible, to manage and mitigate the risk associated with prolonged hormone exposure.

Age and breast cancer screening

Mammograms, which are X-ray images of the breast, are an essential tool for the early detection of breast cancer. Regular mammogram screenings are typically recommended for women aged 40 and older, though the exact age to start and frequency of screenings can depend on individual risk factors and professional guidelines.

The primary aim of a mammogram screening is to identify breast cancer before any physical symptoms develop. Detecting cancer at an early stage often means that it is smaller and hasn’t spread, which makes it easier to treat successfully. The five-year relative survival rate for women with localized breast cancer (cancer that has not spread outside the breast) is nearly 99%.

A mammogram can identify changes in the breast up to two years before a patient or physician can feel them. Regular screenings can help catch the disease in its earliest stages, when it’s most treatable. This not only improves a woman’s chance of recovery but also offers more treatment options.

For example, women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer might be candidates for breast-conserving surgery, such as lumpectomy, which involves removing the cancer and a small portion of healthy tissue around it but not the entire breast.

Moreover, early detection might also reduce the need for more aggressive treatments like chemotherapy. This can significantly lessen the physical and emotional impact of cancer treatment and improve quality of life for patients.

However, it’s essential to balance the benefits of mammograms with the potential harms, which can include false positives, over-diagnosis, and exposure to radiation. Each woman’s risk factors should be considered in decision-making about when to begin mammograms and how often to have them.

Lastly, while mammograms are a valuable tool, they are not perfect and do not detect all breast cancers. Thus, it’s crucial for women to understand and recognize any changes in their breasts and to have any changes evaluated by a healthcare professional. Awareness and early detection are key to the effective management of breast cancer.

Take Control of Your Breast Health – Schedule a Consultation with Dr. Gorman at Texas Breast Center Today

Navigating the complexities of breast cancer, its age-related risks, and the nuances of its potential causes can be challenging. That’s why Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center are committed to offering you an advanced, personalized, and targeted approach to understanding and treating this disease. Their goal is to arm you with the knowledge you need to make informed decisions about your health and provide you with state-of-the-art care every step of the way. With a keen understanding that each patient’s journey is unique, Dr. Gorman is here to guide you through every stage of your care with empathy, expertise, and a relentless pursuit of the best outcomes possible.

Now, more than ever, it is vital for women of all ages to understand their personal risk factors for breast cancer and to engage in regular screenings. Remember, early detection is key to improving breast cancer prognosis and treatment options. We encourage you to discuss these risk factors and your personal history with a healthcare provider, like Dr. Gorman, who can help guide you through the process. Contact the Texas Breast Center today to set up an appointment for a consultation or to learn more about the services we provide. Together, we can face the challenges of breast cancer head-on and work towards a healthier, cancer-free future.

Read the other articles in the Causes series including Gender Influencing Causes.
Also, read the article about Treating Breast Cancer in Older Adults.

FAQ’s about Breast Cancer Causes: Age Related Risks

How much does breast cancer risk increase with age?

The risk of developing breast cancer approximately doubles every 10 years until menopause, after which the rate of increase slows. It’s estimated that around two-thirds of invasive breast cancers are found in women aged 55 or older.

Why does age increase the risk of cancer?

Age is a significant risk factor for cancer primarily due to the accumulation of genetic mutations over time and the body’s declining efficiency in repairing damaged DNA. Additionally, the immune system’s ability to detect and destroy abnormal cells decreases with age.

Why is breast cancer more common after 50?

Breast cancer is more common after 50 mainly because of the prolonged exposure to estrogen and progesterone, hormones known to stimulate cell growth in the breasts. Additionally, genetic mutations accumulate over time, increasing the likelihood of cancer development.

What is the highest age risk for breast cancer?

Breast cancer risk increases with age, with the highest incidence rates observed in women aged 70-74. However, the risk continues to be significant as women age beyond this.

Does age affect cancer survival rate?

Yes, age can affect cancer survival rates. Younger patients often have a better prognosis due to generally being healthier and better able to tolerate treatments. However, breast cancers in older women often grow more slowly and are hormone receptor-positive, which can lead to effective treatment options.

Why is breast cancer more common with age?

Breast cancer becomes more common with age due to a combination of factors such as lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone, the natural aging process leading to an accumulation of genetic mutations, and a decrease in the immune system’s ability to prevent the development of cancer.

Can you live 30 years after breast cancer?

Yes, it’s possible to live 30 years or more after a breast cancer diagnosis. Thanks to advancements in early detection and treatment, many women are living long, healthy lives following their diagnosis. The prognosis depends on many factors, including the cancer stage and type, the woman’s overall health, and the treatments used.

Is alcohol linked to breast cancer?

Yes, research consistently shows that drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer. Even moderate consumption of an alcoholic beverage can increase breast cancer risk, and the risk increases the more alcohol is consumed.

Is breast cancer less aggressive in elderly?

Breast cancer in older women tends to be less aggressive and more responsive to hormone therapy than in younger women. This is mainly because most breast cancers in older women are hormone receptor-positive. However, diagnosis can be complicated by the presence of other age-related health conditions.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html


Breast Cancer Causes: Genetic Mutations

Breast cancer is the most common among cancers in women worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases diagnosed in 2020 alone. While there are many factors that can contribute to the development of breast cancer, one of the most important is genetics. Certain genetic mutations can significantly increase a person’s risk of developing Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world, with about 2.3 million new cases expected to be found in 2020 alone. Even though there are many things that can lead to breast cancer, genes are one of the most important ones. Some changes in a person’s genes can make it much more likely that they will get breast cancer or another type of cancer. In this article, we will explore the most common genetic mutations associated with breast cancer risk, how they are inherited, and what can be done to manage that risk.

genetic mutations

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two of the most well-known genetic mutations associated with breast cancer risk. These genes produce proteins that help to suppress tumor growth, but mutations in these genes can disrupt this function and increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Breast cancer genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified as major risk factors for invasive breast cancer. These genes are involved in regulating cell growth and repair, and when mutated, they can disrupt normal cellular processes in breast tissue. Mutations in these breast cancer genes can be inherited or acquired, and women with a family history of breast cancer are at higher risk. Other breast cancer risk factors include age, gender, lifestyle factors, and exposure to certain chemicals. Early detection through regular mammograms and other breast cancer screening methods is critical for improving outcomes for women with invasive breast cancer. As research continues to uncover new insights into the biology of breast cancer, identifying and understanding these risk factors will be critical for reducing the burden of this disease on women worldwide.

What is the definition and function of BRCA1 and BRCA2?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes, which means they produce proteins that help to regulate cell growth and division. Specifically, these proteins help to repair damaged DNA and prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or uncontrollably. Mutations in these genes can interfere with the production of these proteins, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of BRCA1 and BRCA2?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that a person only needs to inherit a mutated copy of the gene from one parent to be at risk of developing cancer. A child of a parent with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have a significantly increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have a:

  • 55-72% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70 (compared to 12% in the general population)
  • 44% chance of developing ovarian cancer by age 80 (compared to 1.3% in the general population)

Other cancers may also be associated with BRCA mutations, including prostate cancer in men.

What are screening and prevention options for people with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Due to the increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA mutations, women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are typically advised to undergo increased surveillance and risk reduction measures.

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs, as well as screening for ovarian cancer using blood tests and/or ultrasounds. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy or oophorectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the genes. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a BRCA mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a BRCA mutation will develop cancer.

Genetic counseling and testing are typically recommended for people with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, especially if multiple family members have been diagnosed with the disease at a young age. Genetic counseling is also recommended before and after testing to help individuals understand their risk, the implications of testing, and the options available for managing that risk.

While BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most well-known genetic mutations associated with breast cancer risk, there are many other mutations that can also increase a person’s risk of developing the disease.

PALB2 Mutations

PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) is a gene that produces a protein that interacts with the BRCA2 protein to help repair damaged DNA. Mutations in PALB2 can increase the risk of developing breast cancer and may also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer.

What is the definition and function of PALB2?

PALB2 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a role in repairing damaged DNA. It produces a protein that interacts with the BRCA2 protein to help repair double-stranded DNA breaks. Mutations in PALB2 can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of PALB2?

PALB2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to be at risk of developing cancer. A child of two carriers of a PALB2 mutation has a 25% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer for people with a PALB2 mutation?

Women with a PALB2 mutation have a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women with a PALB2 mutation have:

  • 33% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70 (compared to 12% in the general population)

What are screening and prevention options for people with a PALB2 mutation?

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for a PALB2 mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a PALB2 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a PALB2 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a PALB2 mutation will develop cancer.

TP53 Mutations

TP53 is a gene that produces a protein called p53, which helps to regulate cell growth and prevent the development of tumors. Mutations in TP53 can interfere with the function of p53 and increase the risk of developing various types of cancer, including breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of TP53?

TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called p53. This protein helps to regulate cell growth and prevent the development of tumors by responding to DNA damage and other cellular stresses. Mutations in TP53 can interfere with the function of p53, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of TP53?

TP53 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with a TP53 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast cancer for people with a TP53 mutation?

Women with a TP53 mutation have an increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women with a TP53 mutation have:

  • 49% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70 (compared to 12% in the general population)
  • Increased risk of other cancers, including brain, bone, and soft tissue tumors

What are screening and prevention options for people with a TP53 mutation?

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs, as well as screening for other types of cancer. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for a TP53 mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a TP53 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a TP53 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a TP53 mutation will develop cancer.

CHEK2 Mutations

CHEK2 is a gene that produces a protein called checkpoint kinase 2, which helps to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in CHEK2 can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of CHEK2?

CHEK2 is a checkpoint kinase that helps to regulate cell growth and division. It produces a protein that responds to DNA damage and other cellular stresses to prevent the development of tumors. Mutations in CHEK2 can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of CHEK2?

CHEK2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with a CHEK2 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast cancer for people with a CHEK2 mutation?

Women with a CHEK2 mutation have a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women with a CHEK2 mutation have a:

  • 20-30% chance of developing breast cancer by age 80 (compared to 12% in the general population)

What are screening and prevention options for people with a CHEK2 mutation?

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for a CHEK2 mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a CHEK2 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a CHEK2 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a CHEK2 mutation will develop cancer.

ATM Mutations

ATM is a gene that produces a protein called ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, which helps to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in ATM can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of ATM?

ATM is a protein kinase that helps to regulate cell growth and division. It produces a protein that responds to DNA damage and other cellular stresses to prevent the development of tumors. Mutations in ATM can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of ATM?

ATM mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with an ATM mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast cancer for people with an ATM mutation?

Women with an ATM mutation have a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women with an ATM mutation have a:

  • 14-29% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70 (compared to 12% in the general population)

What are screening and prevention options for people with an ATM mutation?

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for an ATM mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has an ATM mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying an ATM mutation will have one, and not everyone who has an ATM mutation will develop cancer.

PTEN Mutations

PTEN is a gene that produces a protein called phosphatase and tensin homolog, which helps to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in PTEN can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing breast, thyroid, and other types of cancer.

What is the definition and function of PTEN?

PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called phosphatase and tensin homolog. This protein helps to regulate cell growth and division by suppressing a signaling pathway that promotes cell growth. Mutations in PTEN can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of PTEN?

PTEN mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with a PTEN mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of breast, thyroid, and other cancers for people with a PTEN mutation?

People with a PTEN mutation have an increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including breast and thyroid cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, people with a PTEN mutation have a:

  • 85% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70 (compared to 12% in the general population)
  • Increased risk of other cancers, including thyroid and endometrial cancer

What are screening and prevention options for people with a PTEN mutation?

Surveillance may involve more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs, as well as screening for thyroid and other types of cancer. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for a PTEN mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a PTEN mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a PTEN mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a PTEN mutation will develop cancer.

CDH1 Mutations

CDH1 is a gene that produces a protein called cadherin-1, which helps to maintain the structure of cells in tissues such as the breast and stomach. Mutations in CDH1 can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome and breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of CDH1?

CDH1 is a gene that produces a protein called cadherin-1. This protein helps to maintain the structure of cells in tissues such as the breast and stomach by allowing cells to stick together. Mutations in CDH1 can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome and breast cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of CDH1?

CDH1 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with a CDH1 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome and breast cancers for people with a CDH1 mutation?

People with a CDH1 mutation have an increased risk of developing hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, which is a rare type of stomach cancer. They also have an increased risk of developing lobular breast cancer, which is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing glands.

What are screening and prevention options for people with a CDH1 mutation?

Surveillance may involve regular endoscopies to screen for stomach cancer, as well as more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs, to screen for breast cancer. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy or gastrectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for a CDH1 mutation?

Genetic testing is available to determine whether someone has a CDH1 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying a CDH1 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has a CDH1 mutation will develop cancer.

STK11 Mutations

STK11 is a gene that produces a protein called serine/threonine kinase 11, which helps to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in STK11 can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of STK11?

STK11 is a serine/threonine kinase that helps to regulate cell growth and division. It produces a protein that responds to cellular stresses to prevent the development of tumors. Mutations in STK11 can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of STK11?

STK11 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with an STK11 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and Breast Cancer for people with a STK11 mutation?

People with an STK11 mutation have an increased risk of developing Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign growths in the digestive tract and an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer. They also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

What are screening and prevention options for people with an STK11 mutation?

Surveillance may involve regular colonoscopies to screen for polyps and other growths in the digestive tract, as well as more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs to screen for breast cancer. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for an STK11 mutation?

Genetic testing for breast cancer is available to determine whether someone has an STK11 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying an STK11 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has an STK11 mutation will develop cancer.

NF1 Mutations

NF1 is a gene that produces a protein called neurofibromin 1, which helps to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in NF1 can interfere with this function and increase the risk of developing neurofibromatosis type 1 and breast cancer.

What is the definition and function of NF1?

NF1 is a gene that produces a protein called neurofibromin 1. This protein helps to regulate cell growth and division by suppressing a signaling pathway that promotes cell growth. Mutations in NF1 can interfere with the function of this protein, leading to a higher risk of developing neurofibromatosis type 1 and breast cancer.

What are the inheritance patterns of NF1?

NF1 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child of a parent with an NF1 mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.

Is there an increased risk of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Breast Cancer for people with an NF1 mutation?

People with an NF1 mutation have an increased risk of developing neurofibromatosis type 1, which is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign growths in the nervous system and other parts of the body. They also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

What are screening and prevention options for people with an NF1 mutation?

Surveillance may involve regular MRIs to screen for growths in the nervous system and other parts of the body, as well as more frequent mammograms and breast MRIs to screen for breast cancer. In some cases, prophylactic surgery (such as mastectomy) may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Is there genetic testing for an NF1 mutation?

There are genetic tests available to determine whether someone has an NF1 mutation. The test involves analyzing a sample of blood or saliva to look for changes or abnormalities in the gene. It is important to note that not everyone who is at risk of carrying an NF1 mutation will have one, and not everyone who has an NF1 mutation will develop cancer.

Conclusion

Genetic mutations play an important role in the development of breast cancer. In some cases, gene mutations can be inherited and increase the likelihood that an individual will develop breast cancer over their lifetime. Those who have a family history of breast cancer or who have other risk factors should consider genetic testing to determine whether they carry a mutation that increases their risk of developing hereditary breast cancer. By identifying these mutations, patients can take steps to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer through increased surveillance, prophylactic surgery, and other interventions.

At Texas Breast Center, we offer advanced, personalized, and targeted approaches to breast cancer care, including genetic testing and counseling, to help our patients make informed decisions about their health. Our team of expert breast surgeons, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals is dedicated to providing comprehensive care and support throughout every stage of the breast cancer journey. We understand that a breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, and we are here to help guide our patients through the process with compassion, expertise, and a focus on personalized care.

If you have questions about genetic mutations and breast cancer or are interested in learning more information about our breast cancer services, please don’t hesitate to contact Texas Breast Center to schedule a consultation. We are committed to helping our patients achieve the best possible outcomes and live their lives to the fullest.

See the other articles in the Causes series, including Family History Risks


Habits that May Lead to Breast Cancer

Around the globe, breast cancer affects millions of women. One in eight women is predicted to have breast cancer during their lifetime in the United States alone. While there are several risk factors that you can’t control, such as a family history of breast cancer or dense breast tissue, there are certain behaviors and lifestyle choices that may have a significant impact on lessening your risk. Eliminating the habits that you can control can help decrease your risk of developing breast cancer.

Poor Diet

About 30 to 40 percent of all malignancies are considered to have some connection to diet. You cannot avoid developing breast cancer with diet or food alone. However, certain meals may improve your body’s health, strengthen your immune system, and lower your chance of breast cancer. According to research, eating a range of foods that are high in nutrients, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, may help you feel your best and provide your body with the energy it needs. Animal studies suggest eating food cultivated without pesticides may help prevent the unfavorable cell alterations linked to pesticide usage.

In nations where the traditional diet is plant-based and low in total fat, breast cancer is less prevalent. However, studies on American adult women haven’t shown a link between dietary fat consumption and a woman developing breast cancer. A high-fat diet throughout adolescence, however, may increase a girl’s risk of developing breast cancer later in life, even if she doesn’t go on to gain weight or become obese.

Further study is required to fully comprehend how nutrition affects the risk of breast cancer. However, it is undeniable that calories do matter, and fat is a significant source of calories. Being overweight or obese, which are breast cancer risk factors, may be brought on by high-fat diets. Because excess fat cells produce estrogen, which may promote the development of extra breast cells, overweight women are considered to have a greater chance of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer risk is increased by this additional growth.

Lack of Exercise

Regular exercise benefits your health in a variety of ways, one of which is a decreased risk of breast cancer. Over the last 20 years, several studies have consistently shown a relationship between increased physical activity and a decreased risk of breast cancer.

It is unclear exactly how exercise reduces the chance of developing breast cancer. It is believed that exercise controls estrogen and insulin, two substances that may promote the development of breast cancer. Regular exercise also aids women in maintaining a healthy weight, which supports hormone regulation and immune system health.

Unfortunately, there is no magic number of hours a woman should exercise each week to prevent breast cancer. We do know that more is preferable to less, and that some is better than none. Additionally, more intense exercise is more productive than less intense exercise. All people should exercise for at least 150 minutes per week of moderate effort or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity, ideally spaced out over the course of the week, according to the American Cancer Society.

Brisk strolling, dancing, leisurely biking, yoga, golfing, softball, doubles tennis, and routine yard and garden upkeep are some examples of moderate-intensity exercises. Jogging, running, rapid cycling, swimming, aerobic dancing, soccer, singles tennis, and basketball are some examples of high-intensity exercises. Along with your regular daily activities at home and at work, all of these extracurricular activities include stair climbing and walking from your vehicle to the garage.

Exercise has the additional benefit that it keeps you from merely sitting around. The probability of acquiring breast cancer and several other forms of cancer, as well as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease rises with sitting time, regardless of how much exercise you receive when you’re not sitting, according to an increasing body of research. Many of us spend most of our workdays seated at a desk. Because of this, it’s even more crucial to include activity throughout your day.

Certain Types of Birth Control

There is a small increase in the risk of breast cancer associated with the current or recent usage of oral contraceptives. According to studies, women’s breast cancer risk is 20–30% greater while using birth control pills (and immediately after) than the risk for women who have never used the pill. However, since the absolute risk of breast cancer for the majority of young women is low, this additional risk has only a little effect.

Women’s chances of developing breast cancer start to decrease after they quit using oral contraceptives. The risk eventually drops to the same amount as women who have never used the pill. Despite the increased risk of breast cancer , birth control pills also lower the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer in addition to preventing pregnancy. Just like with previous, higher-dose versions of the drug, modern, lower-dose tablets have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Some alternative contraceptives contain (or release) hormones, just like birth control pills do. Depo Provera users who have been using it for extended periods of time may be at a higher risk for breast cancer than women who have never used it.

Research on IUDs that release hormones and breast cancer research have conflicting results. IUDs don’t increase the risk of breast cancer, according to some research. According to other studies, women who use hormone-releasing IUDs may have a 20% greater chance of developing breast cancer (similar to birth control pills). According to other research, women who previously used hormone-releasing IUDs may be more likely to develop breast cancer after menopause.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of any contraceptive pill with your doctor before using it (or if you already are and haven’t done so).

Not Getting Routine Mammograms

Low-dose x-rays of the breast are called mammograms and can help doctors identify a breast cancer diagnosis. Regular mammograms are one of the best breast cancer screenings that may assist in detecting early stage breast cancer, when treatment has the best chance of being effective. Years before physical breast cancer symptoms appear, a mammogram may often detect breast abnormalities that might be cancer. Results from decades of research definitively demonstrate that women who receive routine mammograms are more likely to have breast cancer discovered earlier, are less likely to require an invasive breast cancer treatment like chemotherapy and surgery to remove the entire breast (mastectomy), and are more likely to recover from the disease.

Mammography is not flawless at detecting breast cancer cells. Dense breast tissue can make it harder for radiologists to see breast cancer on mammograms. Although most breast cancers will be detected, some will be missed. A woman will probably need more testing (such as additional mammograms or a breast ultrasound) in order to determine if anything seen on a screening mammogram is cancer. Additionally, there is a slight possibility of receiving a cancer diagnosis that, if not discovered during screening, would never have given rise to any issues.  It’s crucial that women undergoing mammograms be aware of what to anticipate and the advantages and limitations of screening. As you age, your risk of developing breast cancer increases. Breast cancer screening through mammography is vital for women over age 40.

Use of Tobacco Products

According to research, smoking may significantly increase the chance of developing breast cancer, particularly in women who began smoking as adolescents or who had a family history of breast cancer. Smoking might increase one’s chance of developing breast cancer because specific chemicals in tobacco products may cause out-of-control cell proliferation in the body. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in certain women, despite the fact that it is not thought to be a direct cause. In addition, smoking may make treating breast cancer more difficult and lead to complications from breast cancer surgery. Avoiding tobacco products is an important factor in breast cancer prevention.

Excessive Use of Alcohol

Many studies reveal women who consume alcohol have an increased risk of breast cancer. According to research, the relative risk of breast cancer rose by roughly 7% for every alcoholic beverage taken daily. Compared to women who didn’t consume alcohol, women who had 2-3 alcoholic drinks per day had a 20% increased chance of developing breast cancer.

Alcohol may alter how a woman’s body processes estrogen. Blood estrogen levels may increase as a result of this. Women who drink alcohol have greater amounts of estrogen than non-drinkers do. As a consequence, higher estrogen levels are related to a higher risk of breast cancer. Alcohol and cancer risk can be controlled by limiting the amount you consume.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Breast cancer risk is elevated by the majority of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) types. However, individuals who take combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which combines both estrogen and progesterone, are at a greater risk.

Breast cancer risk is only modestly elevated when HRT is used for less than a year. However, the hazards become more severe and continue longer the longer you use HRT.

HRT-related breast cancer risk varies from individual to individual. The risk may vary depending on your age when you start HRT, any medications you may be on, and overall health.

Breast cancer risk factors are greater for people who take HRT before or shortly after menopause as compared to those who start it later.

Even though there are several potential causes of breast cancer, some behaviors and lifestyle choices may have a big impact. These lifestyle choices, including smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating poorly may all raise your risk. Regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight are effective methods to lower your risk. This disease may also arise as a result of certain birth control methods and hormone replacement therapy. If you have any of these risk factors, it’s important to speak to your doctor about them.


Black Women and Breast Cancer

Black History Month

Officially recognized in 1976, February is dedicated as Black History Month in the United States of America. Commemorating the victories and legacies of African Americans and recognizing the hardships they have faced throughout our history, it is a pinnacle time of awareness and memorialization in the lives of American citizens. In honor of this past month’s observations, we wanted to provide information on women’s health surrounding the realities of breast cancer for black women.

Black Women and Breast Cancer

According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer for black women. Falling second to lung cancer, breast cancer is also a top cause of cancer-related mortality. It is crucial for black women to understand the likelihood of a diagnosis, the risks surrounding breast cancer, and ways to routinely check for potential breast tumors. There are many questions surrounding the truth on breast cancer statistics, particularly pertaining to black women. Educating people on the realities of breast cancer plays a key role in women knowing what to watch for regarding their breasts and in changing some of the socially constructed elements surrounding medical and breast care for black women.

What is breast cancer?

Essentially, breast cancer is the uncontrolled development of breast cells. This is why it is recommended that women examine their breasts regularly for evidence of changes to the breast such as puckering or discoloration, as they are often the first symptoms to appear.

What would lead to a breast cancer diagnosis?

Although there are many different varieties of cancer, tumor biology at its base level remains consistent, and they all have similar characteristics. The genes in the human body regulate and control cell proliferation. The job of genes, which are found in the nucleus of cells, is to ensure that as old cells die, they are replaced by new cells. Mutations can develop, causing this process to be disrupted. This change can significantly affect the regeneration process, removing control from the genes and allowing the cells to continue making new cells without restriction. The production of additional cells can lead to the formation of a tumor. The emergence of a malignant tumor (which is an aggressive form of cells and can spread to other areas of the body via the blood and lymph systems) is what typically generates a breast cancer diagnosis.

Breast Cancer Risk for Black Women

Age, ancestry, family history, and type of diagnosis affect the severity and likeliness of breast cancer.

Who has the highest risk of breast cancer?

Despite a lower incidence of breast cancer development, black women’s lives are approximately 40% more likely result in breast cancer death. Women of a younger age, meaning below the age of 45, also tend to have the highest risk. There is no simple answer to this disproportion, as these starkly contrasting numbers seem to arise from a combination of factors, including both sociological conditions and genetic factors.

Disparities of Breast Cancer and Race

In recent years, there have been increasing conversations surrounding the tragic breast cancer disparities of medical care and attention for people of color. These risks and realities prove particularly tangled and problematic in the world of health care and surgical access. While this is true, Dr. Gorman of Texas Breast Center is eager to dismantle this problem through targeted, attentive care for each person who comes under her expert care.

The prevalence of breast cancer is still far greater than we like to see, which is why Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center fight endlessly to see these numbers decrease. Particularly among black women, the statistics of more aggressive forms of breast cancer diagnoses, such as triple-negative breast cancer, are astronomically higher.

What is triple-negative breast cancer?

Triple-negative breast cancer is a form of breast cancer that tests negative for all three receptors: estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2. This kind of breast cancer is one of the more aggressive and invasive breast cancer types, with high spread and growth rates. Both age and race play into the likeliness of this diagnosis, as it is most common in women under forty and in black women.

Not all black women are at the same risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer. Research shows that particularly those born in Western Africa and the United States are at an increased risk for triple negative breast cancer in comparison to those born in East Africa. This difference is especially notable when compared to white women or women of other races. According to the American Cancer Society, black women in the United States are actually twice as likely as white women to receive this diagnosis. This may be a reason for the lower rate of survival among black breast cancer patients. Educating oneself on the risks of breast cancer can help black women act in anticipation and preparation and increase the chances of survival through early detection.

Dr. Gorman at Texas Breast Center

While statistics surrounding breast cancer can seem overwhelming and may evoke fear, Dr. Valerie Gorman combats this with the truth that “treatment for breast cancer has improved significantly over the last few years, and success rates continue to rise.” Breast cancer outcomes and treatments have never seemed more optimistic.

Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Center, located in Waxahachie, are devoted to caring for every patient in a manner tailored to their unique case, conducting each interaction with expert care, attention, and skill. Providing honest, advanced information on the risk factors of breast cancer and the leading treatment options is a top priority of this Texas-based breast surgeon. She dedicates herself to the wellbeing of every single patient and, in doing so, aims to topple the disparities that black women diagnosed with breast cancer face and help reduce the rates of breast cancer mortality, one case at a time.

Staying informed

As a leading surgeon, Dr. Gorman advocates for preventative measures and staying on top of breast health. Regular self-breast checks, mammography screening, a regular clinical breast exam, assessing controllable risk factors, and remaining informed on the latest news surrounding breast care are all steps that can increase the chances of detecting breast cancer while it is still in the early stages.

If you have any questions surrounding breast cancer or breast cancer risk factors, don’t hesitate to contact Dr. Gorman and her team at Texas Breast Cancer.

 

https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/cancer-facts-figures-for-african-americans.html

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cncr.32293?referrer_access_token=tNmZThNQBcGMkZz0Mw1KaU4keas67K9QMdWULTWMo8PjlxlDClmn9SMF_cvVV7b6CVxSyInTq9HeXJidKb9BxMA8NsR


Breast Cancer in Men

Breast cancer is represented by the pink ribbon. Research is fundraised through walks decked out in pink, and breast cancer awareness gear can be found covered in slogans like “big or small, save them all” or better yet, “fight like a girl.” And while the runs, marches, and merchandise can go a long way in raising money, they can also go a long way in implying some wrong information. If nearly all breast cancer awareness is geared towards women, does that mean men cannot–or do not–get breast cancer? No. Men may be less likely to get breast cancer than women, but there is still a risk.

How can you tell if a guy has breast cancer?

Breast cancer in men displays similarly to how it does in women. The symptoms are the same, and some are even more easily found due to the smaller amount of breast tissue in most men. With less breast tissue, lumps are more easily noticed and, therefore, diagnosed.

The most common symptoms of male breast cancer are:

  • Scaling, flaking, or redness of the skin of the nipple; can show as puckering or dimpling as well, or can happen to the skin over the whole breast, not just the nipple.
  • A painless thickening, swelling, or lump in the breast.
  • Nipple discharge, retraction, or ulceration.
  • Pain or pulling in the nipple area.

If the cancer cells spread further than the initial breast tumor, there can be additional symptoms and side effects, such as:

  • breast pain
  • bone pain
  • swelling in the underarm lymph glands

If anyone, no matter the person’s gender, experiences these symptoms, they should speak to their doctor. The sooner any breast cancer cells can be found, the more likely any treatment options are to work, and the less rigorous treatment needs to be.

How common is breast cancer in men?

While it is commonly known that breast cancer will develop in approximately one in eight women over the course of their lifetimes, the statistics on male breast cancer are less well known. When you search google for ‘how common is breast cancer,’ every answer on the first page is about women. Most sites collecting data on cancer categorize breast cancer as ‘female breast’ cancer to clarify that their data does not include men, despite many other cancer types (stomach, colorectum, leukemia, etc.) gathering data for both men and women. While this makes it easy to do cancer research for women, it makes it difficult to find information for male cancer patients.

One source, however, found that one out of every one hundred breast cancer diagnoses is given to a man. So, while men are at less of a risk than women, there is still a chance of breast cells becoming cancerous.

The American Cancer Society did offer that approximately 2,550 new male breast cancer cases are diagnosed each year. With breast cancer being 100 times more common in women than men, and with a man’s risk of diagnosis averaging around one in 1,000, it is easy to see why it’s not as prominently discussed. However, the risk is still there, and men should know what to look for to minimize risk.

However, just as with women, some men have more risk factors than others. These risk factors do not guarantee that this person will get breast cancer, nor does avoiding the risk factors guarantee that the person will avoid a breast cancer diagnosis. However, if you have these factors in your history, or are aware of them, be mindful of the signs, symptoms, and possible screening guidelines for breast cancer.

What are the risk factors for men?

Some of the risk factors for male breast cancer include:

  • Family history of breast cancer–you have a higher chance of developing breast cancer if you have a close family member who has, or has had, breast cancer.
  • Age–most male breast cancer diagnoses happen after 50 and are most commonly between age 60-70. It is usually rare for a man to get breast cancer under the age of 35.
  • Radiation therapy treatment–having a history of radiation therapy to the chest can increase the risk of breast cancer.
  • Liver disease–liver cirrhosis and other liver diseases can reduce androgen (commonly referred to as male hormones) levels and increase estrogen (commonly referred to as female hormones) levels in men, increasing risk.
  • Testicle surgery or disease–surgical removal of a testicle (orchiectomy), testicular injuries, or testicle diseases or conditions such as mumps orchitis or undescended testicles can increase breast cancer risk.
  • Estrogen exposure–those who take, or have taken in the past, estrogen or estrogen-related drugs (used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer) can have a higher risk of breast cancer.
  • Obesity–obesity can be associated with higher estrogen levels, leading to an increased risk factor.
  • Enlarged breasts–having enlarged breast tissue, known as gynecomastia, can come from infection, drug or hormone treatments, as well as other causes. Having additional tissue can make it difficult to notice early signs of breast cancer.
  • Breast cancer genes–mutations to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes dramatically increase the risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. People of all genders should be aware of the potential danger of the mutation of these genes.
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome–Klinefelter’s syndrome is genetic and can be considered a form of being intersex. It occurs when a boy has more than one X chromosome, leading to lower androgen levels and higher estrogen levels. This increased amount of estrogen can increase the risk factor.

Can trans men get breast cancer?

Anyone can get breast cancer. However, transgender men and non-binary people occupy a unique space regarding risk factors and following the breast cancer story from start to finish. Many AFAB (assigned female at birth) men or non-binary people carry the same risk factors that cisgender (non-transgender) women have, especially if they have not taken steps such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone therapy.

Most data on the subject of transgender and non-binary people and their risk and experience with breast cancer comes from individual case studies and anecdotal experiences rather than extensive cancer research. One such study conducted in 2013 in the Netherlands examined nearly 800 AFAB trans men taking testosterone and discovered only one case of breast cancer. Overall, the study stated that “The rate of breast cancer among trans men in this study was estimated to be much lower than the rate of breast cancer among cisgender women and similar to the rate among cisgender men in the Dutch population” (1).

Do top surgery or binding affect breast cancer risk?

Binding, a practice not uncommon among trans men and non-binary people, compresses the breast tissue to make the chest seem flatter to help reflect the person’s gender identity more accurately and comfortably. Binding can sometimes cause adverse symptoms such as shortness of breath, pain, and skin infections, especially when done by more risky methods (tape, ace bandages, leaving binders on for too long). However, binding has not been linked to breast cancer.

Top surgery, a mastectomy performed to align the patient’s breasts and chest with their gender identity, is a different form of mastectomy from those performed for breast cancer purposes. Top surgery mastectomies remove fatty tissue but may leave behind some glandular (milk-producing) tissue and lymph vessels, where cancer may form. People who receive top surgery should still perform regular breast self-checks and discuss the risks of cancer with their doctor.

Can male breast cancer kill you?

There is a risk of death as with any cancer, depending on when the breast cancer cells are discovered. According to the American Cancer Society, the prognosis for breast cancer in men is similar to that in women. The odds of surviving five or more years after the initial diagnosis are, on average:

  • 96%–when cancer is still only affecting the breast tissue at diagnosis
  • 83%–when cancer has spread through the breast to nearby areas, such has the local lymph system (underarm, etc.)
  • 23%–when the disease has spread throughout the body

Just as is recommended to women, it is essential to be aware of any changes in the breast so that if cancer cells start to grow, treatment can begin as soon as possible.

What is the survival rate of male breast cancer?

As mentioned above, 2,550 new cases of breast cancer in men are diagnosed annually. Unfortunately, this same cancer also leads to around 480 deaths in men. While this is significantly lower than the close-to-40,000 women who die of breast cancer annually, it is still a statistic that can be lowered.

Most male breast cancers are diagnosed after patients discover a lump in their chest. However, many tend to leave this concern alone until other, more severe, symptoms arise, such as blood coming from the nipple. However, by this time, the cancer has likely spread further, making the necessary treatment harsher and the risks involved a little grimmer.

By informing male patients of the possible risk factors for breast cancer, they can be more aware should they notice something out of place in their chest. Self-breast checks can be just as necessary for men, transgender, and non-binary people as for cisgender women, and everyone should have the chance to be informed of their risk.

If you have questions about your risk factors, any changes in your breasts, or simply about breast cancer, speak with your doctor, or Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center is happy to help answer any questions. Her goal is to keep all patients informed and prepared.

Read the article on Gender Influences and the Cause of Breast Cancer

  1. Gooren LJ, van Trotsenburg MA, Giltay EJ, van Diest PJ. Breast cancer development in transsexual subjects receiving cross-sex hormone treatment. J Sex Med. 2013;10:3129-34.

Breast Cancer in Transgender People

Breast cancer is a vicious disease that is far more prevalent than we would like. One in eight women will receive a breast cancer diagnosis in their life, and one in one thousand men receive the same. However, more rarely discussed when mentioning these statistics is the risk of breast cancer for transgender people.

Transgender people–those who identify with a different gender than the one they were assigned at birth–may choose to receive treatments to align their bodies with the physical standard of their gender. This process, called transitioning, can include surgeries as well as gender-affirming hormone therapy. While some find these changes unnecessary, others rely on them to feel comfortable in their own bodies.

What gender is most likely to get breast cancer?

Most people could tell you that women are more likely to get breast cancer than men. And while this is correct, many don’t know the reasons why. Between the excess breast tissue and ‘female’ hormones, the female gender identity seems to come with risk. This includes both cisgender–those who are not transgender–and transgender women. However, everyone of any gender should invest in regular breast checks, looking for lumps or any other possible changes to their breasts.

Risk for Trans Women

An increased amount of estrogen and progesterone, commonly known as the female hormones, in the body for any reason will increase the breast cancer risk for anyone, regardless of gender. However, these two hormones can both be used in hormone treatment for trans women or non-binary people, giving their bodies access to more than they naturally produce. While this is perfect for helping transition (alter their physical characteristics to match their gender identity) it does introduce an increased risk where there wasn’t as high a risk before.

Risk for Trans Men

Transgender men, however, tend to lower breast cancer risk factors through both surgical means and cross-sex hormone treatment. Trans men and some non-binary people receive top surgery, a form of mastectomy that removes the breasts to give them flatter chests. While this procedure is different from a mastectomy performed to clear out breast cancer, a large amount of breast tissue is still removed. With less breast tissue, there is, simply put, less room to develop breast cancer. However, the lymph nodes and glandular tissue–two places breast cancer is likely to form–are usually still left in place. Also, consider that scars left behind can make breast imaging for breast cancer screening difficult.

Furthermore, breast cancer cases in trans men are relatively low because of their own hormone therapy. Trans men, and some non-binary people, go through testosterone therapy. Testosterone, commonly considered the male hormone, can bring trans men’s physical appearance closer to that of the general male population. And, while an unusually high amount of androgens–hormones relevant to sexual development, including testosterone–can lead to an increased breast cancer risk, testosterone treatment doesn’t tend to add enough of the hormone to the body to cause this kind of higher breast cancer risk.

Cisgender People

When discussing cisgender people, breast cancer development is far more likely to happen in women. However, even among cisgender women, some are more at risk than others, especially due to factors out of their control. For example, those who started menstruating early and became menopausal late have an increased risk. This increase is due to the excess amount of estrogen and progesterone these women were exposed to; as with trans women, the excessive amount increases the risk of breast cancer.

Cisgender men generally have the lowest risk of breast cancer. However, this does not mean they have no risk. Cis men absolutely should still be aware of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer, such as breast pain and nipple discharge, as well as the risk factors, such as family history and testicular surgery.

Is Trans hormone therapy dangerous?

As with any medical procedure or treatment, there are some risks to hormone treatment. Taking estrogen while smoking, for example, increases the risk of blood clots. One risk of taking testosterone is a high hematocrit count, or overly thick blood, leading to a possible stroke or heart attack. And while many trans men, trans women, and non-binary people may choose not to pursue hormone therapy due to these risks, one must also consider that those listed above are not the only people who utilize this treatment.

Many cisgender menopausal and postmenopausal women participate in hormone replacement therapy to treat their menopausal symptoms. The boost in estrogen that they no longer naturally produce minimizes their hot flashes and vaginal discomfort and has even been proved to reduce bone fracture and prevent bone loss.

Risks for this treatment are commonly listed as blood clots, stroke, heart disease, and, of course, breast cancer. So, while it is well known that hormone treatment alters the absolute risk of breast cancer, this is not strictly an issue for transgender people.

Who has the highest risk of breast cancer?

A Dutch study published online in 2019–”Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands“–investigated the risk of breast cancer in transgender people receiving hormone treatment between 1972 and 2016 from a specialist clinic in Amsterdam (1). In this time, 2,260 trans women and 1,229 trans men were treated. In the population of transgender women–those assigned male at birth (amab) but identify with the female sex–15 cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed, approximately .7%. However, among cisgender women, the statistic is closer to 12.5% or one in eight women.

Of the transgender men–those who were assigned female at birth (afab) but have a male gender identity–examined in the study, only four cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed. This gives trans men a standard risk of approximately .3% if the study is trusted. Cisgender men receive breast cancer diagnoses in one in 1000 men, approximately .1%. However, the numbers and data pulled from the study are not the be all end all for transgender breast cancer risk statistics. More research needs to be done to have more confidence in the numbers.

However, using the data we have available from the study, those with the highest risk of breast cancer are the general female population, with cisgender women having the highest risk of all. Trans women follow after, then the general male population, with cisgender males having the lowest risk of breast cancer.

It is crucial for transgender people to understand the health risks that can come with transitioning. While many choose not to transition, many consider it of absolute importance to their health, both physical and mental. Further research needs to be done to better understand just what transitioning means to understand any potential side effects or health problems. Patients will need to know their new risks and new preventative measures to perform that they may not be familiar with, such as regular self-breast checks.

Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center works to keep her patients informed of breast cancer risks, screening options, and treatment. Each patient she and her team see is treated with a personalized and targeted treatment plan.

 

  1. https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1652

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

What is a Risk Factor?

A breast cancer diagnosis can seemingly come out of nowhere for many patients. However, many things that could have made this diagnosis (or any potential diagnosis) far more likely for some patients than others. These little details in lives are known as risk factors. Some factors are a part of your lifestyle and can be controlled in your day to day life. Others are beyond a given person’s control, like things built into the DNA. It’s important to note that none of these factors will cause breast cancer. Any one of these risk factors is not a cause for breast cancer. They will only bring about higher risk.

Risk Factors You Can Affect

  • Taking hormones–Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), including estrogen and progesterone, in menopause can increase the breast cancer risk.
  • Using oral contraceptives–Some birth control pills have been found to raise breast cancer risk.
  • Reproductive history–A few factors relating to childbirth can vary your risk level. Having your first pregnancy after the age of 30, not having children, never having a full-term pregnancy, or not breastfeeding can increasing your breast cancer risk.
  • Being physically active–Women who are more active will decrease their risk of getting breast cancer.
  • Being overweight after menopause–Older women with obesity have an increased risk as opposed to those at a healthier weight.
  • Alcohol–The more alcohol someone drinks, the higher the risk of breast cancer. For example, a woman who has 2-3 alcoholic drinks a day will have a 20% higher risk than a woman who does not drink.
  • Diet–There is some debate about what diets increase or decrease the risk of breast cancer. However, a healthy diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables and minimizing animal fats has many health benefits.
  • Smoking–Smoking can increase a person’s risk of breast cancer.
  • Night shift/light at night–Routinely working night shifts can bring about a higher risk of breast cancer, possibly due to light exposure at night.

Risk Factors You Cannot Affect

  • Sex–A woman is far more likely to get breast cancer than a man due to the increased exposure to estrogen and progesterone. Because these are the hormones used in hormone replacement therapy for transgender women, this increased risk includes them. While men can certainly get breast cancer, the risk is not as high.
  • Race–White and black women are most likely to develop breast cancer. Black women tend to have the highest risk before 45 and are more likely to die from the disease.
  • Ashkenazi Jewish heritage–Jewish women also have a higher risk of breast cancer, likely due to a high occurrence of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
  • Inherited genes–Several genes that can act as risk factors for breast cancer.
    • BRCA1 and BRCA2
    • ATM
    • BARD1
    • BRIP1
    • CDH1
    • CHEK2
    • NBN
    • NF1
    • PALB2
    • PTEN
    • RAD51C and RAD51D
    • STK11
    • TP53
  • Age–As you get older, your risk of breast cancer increases. Most diagnoses occur after the age of 50, and by the time a person is 60, the risk of breast cancer is 1 in 29.
    Breast History–If someone has previously been diagnosed with breast cancer or another breast disease like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, they have a much higher risk of breast cancer in the future.
  • Family History–Women who have a family history of breast cancer, especially when it is a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) previously diagnosed. The risk of breast cancer also increases with multiple family members diagnosed, and a family history of ovarian cancer can also indicate an increased risk.
  • Radiation Exposure–Previous exposure to ionizing radiation in the chest area is a risk factor for breast cancer. Radiation is often used for treating Hodgkin’s disease. The risk is greater if the radiation was applied as a child.
  • Age at First Period–Starting menstruation early, before ages 11 or 12, can raise the breast cancer risk factor by bout 15-20% over those who started to get their periods at 15 or older. This is due to more prolonged exposure to estrogen and progesterone, which, as mentioned above, increases risk.
  • Age Starting Menopause–Women who start menopause after 55 have an increased risk of breast cancer by approximately 40% compared to those who start at age 45 or younger. Like with the earlier start of menstruation, this is due to more prolonged exposure to progesterone and estrogen.
  • Breast Density–Breast density comes from having more connective tissue than fatty tissue. This denser tissue can make it very difficult to read a mammogram accurately, sometimes increasing the risk of missing a potential diagnosis. Breast density can come from high estrogen levels, indicative of a risk factor rather than one on its own.
  • History of Diethylstilbestrol (DES)–DES was a drug given to some pregnant woman between the 1940s-1950s to prevent miscarriage. Those women and those whose mothers took it all have a high risk of breast cancer.
  • Birth Weight–Women born with a higher birth weight have an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly before menopause.
  • Blood Androgen–Androgens are hormones important to sexual development (including testosterone). An increased amount of androgens in a woman’s blood can increase her breast cancer risk.
  • Bone Density–High bone density can be a breast cancer risk factor. Someone with high bone density can have up to 60-80% higher risk than those with lower density.

    For a deeper look at Breast Cancer Risks, read our Causes series, starting with this article on Family History Risks.

Reducing Risk

  • Breast Cancer Screening–Go for regular breast screening to keep an eye on your breast health. For most, a mammogram is sufficient for checking breast health. A Breast MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) may be better for those of higher risk. Speak with your doctor to establish the best course of action for the frequency and type of screening for you.
  •  Breast Self-Exam–Monthly, you should check your own breast health. While it won’t necessarily catch every sign of breast cancer, it can find many, and it is an excellent way to keep yourself familiar with your breasts. By checking your breasts’ appearance, feel, and textures regularly, you will be more likely to notice any changes should they come. If anything does change, bring it to the attention of your doctor.
  • Breast Feeding–Breastfeeding can help reduce the risk of breast cancer, particularly in those pre-menopause.
  • Lifestyle Changes–As mentioned above, some breast cancer risk factors that can be reduced through your own lifestyle choices. By doing what you can to handle these risk factors, such as alcohol intake and physical activity, one can reduce their risk of breast cancer by a great deal while also keeping themself healthy in general.

Speak With Your Doctor

If you are ever concerned about your risk of breast cancer, you can speak with your doctor. While some risk factors are easy to determine for yourself, some must be tested for–blood androgen levels, inherited genes, etc.–which your doctor can help you get access to and understand. Once you and your doctor are familiar with your breast cancer risk level, you can set up a plan for your next steps. These will include recommendations for breast cancer screening–how often and what type–as well as possible medical preventative steps if your risk of breast cancer is high enough.

Dr. Gorman at Texas Breast Cancer is always available to help with any questions about breast cancer risk, preventative steps, and the process should a breast cancer diagnosis be given. She is an advocate for the informed patient, always providing her patients and those who could potentially become patients with the information they need.

If you have any questions about breast cancer or breast cancer risk factors, please feel free to contact Dr. Gorman or her team at Texas Breast Cancer.

 


What is Breast Cancer?

While most people are familiar with the idea and repercussions of breast cancer, not everyone may know what exactly breast cancer is or how it comes to be.

Kinds of Breast Cancer

Put simply, breast cancer is the continued growth of abnormal cells in the area of the breast. This area can include the ducts (that carry milk), lobules (that produce milk), and connective tissue (that holds everything together. Most breast cancers start in the lobules or ducts. And while this does mean cancers appear in the area that we traditionally think of as the breast, it includes the underarms as well.

But there is not one single type of breast cancer. And sometimes, the types overlap.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

With invasive ductal carcinoma, cancer cells start in ducts and spread out into the surrounding breast tissue. If it continues to spread to other parts of the body, it metastasizes.

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules and spreads to nearby breast tissue. This cancer can also metastasize.

Less Common Types

There are many other kinds of breast cancers, though most are less common. Medullary breast carcinoma starts similarly to invasive ductal, but grows slowly and only rarely spreads to the lymph nodes.

Mucinous or colloid carcinoma is a variation on invasive ductal carcinoma. However, the cancer cells float in mucin, an ingredient in the body’s natural mucus.

Paget’s Disease of the nipple originates with cancer cells collecting in and around the nipple, traditionally the ducts there. From there, it can spread to the areola and further.

Inflammatory breast cancer is also a variation on invasive ductal carcinoma. It is generally accompanied by symptoms of inflammation such as swelling, dimpling, and redness.

Triple-Negative breast cancer does not have the three common receptors found in breast cancers. These receptors are for estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor). Without the receptors, some methods of treatment are not available.

Ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS, is considered either the earliest stage of breast cancer or pre-cancer that is likely to lead to breast cancer. Cancerous cells are forming in the ductal lining, but they have not spread.

How Breast Cancer Spreads

Breast cancer cells start in ducts, lobules, and breast tissue. However, they can spread to the lymph nodes, raising the odds of metastasis–cancer cells spreading through the lymph system and the rest of the body. The more lymph nodes that have cancer cells, the more likely metastasis is. However, metastasis is not an inevitability. Some people with cancer cells in their lymph nodes do not have metastases. And, unfortunately, metastasis can occur despite there currently being no cancer cells in the lymph nodes.

What Are Breast Cancer Symptoms?

There are several possible changes to the breast that can be noticed in regular–monthly is recommended–self-breast checks. Keep an eye out for any changes to your regular breast shape, texture, or color. Some changes that may indicate the need to visit a doctor are:

  • A lump in the breast or armpit
  • Swelling or change in size to any part of the breast.
  • Discharge of any kind that is not milk coming from the nipple (including blood)
  • Puckering of the nipple/Inversion of the nipple
  • Flaky skin or redness around the nipple or the breast
  • Dimpling of the skin (like the skin of an orange) on the breast
  • Pain in any part of the breast

Any one of the symptoms on its own does not mean you have breast cancer. They could indicate an infection or changes due to hormonal shifts. However, if the signs continue or you are concerned, bring them to the attention of your doctor.

Risk Factors

There is no one sign that someone will or won’t get breast cancer, but there are some risk factors that can raise your chances. Some of these factors are genetic factors, while others come from a person’s lifestyle.

Some of the factors that cannot be reduced are:

  • Gender–being a woman increases your risk
  • Age–risk increase with age
  • Dense breasts–they are harder to see through on a mammogram, making early detection more difficult
  • Family history–the risk is increased if a close family relative (mother, sister, daughter) has had breast cancer
  • Personal history–previous breast conditions or breast cancer increase risk
  • Certain gene mutations–BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as other mutations, can increase risk
  • Radiation exposure–while this may come from many sources, even medical treatment, it could potentially be a risk factor.
  • Starting your period young
  • Starting menopause older

Can Risk be Reduced?

Some potential risk factors come from lifestyle practices and can be adjusted for. Some of these factors are:

  • Alcohol–drinking in excess can increase risk
  • Obesity–obesity can increase your risk, particularly after menopause
  • Taking hormones–certain forms of hormone replacement therapy (progesterone and estrogen, primarily) can increase risk when taken for over five years after menopause. Some birth control pills can also increase breast cancer risk
  • Not having children or having them at an older age can increase risk.
  • Excercise–by not exercising, breast cancer risk can increase. Maintaining a healthy exercise schedule for yourself, you can lower your risk.

Prevention

The best way to prevent breast cancer in yourself is to maintain the risk factors that you can. Beyond that, keep yourself familiar with your breasts with a monthly breast self-check. More than anything, this keeps you familiar with the size, texture, and sensation of your breast so that you might be more likely to notice a change should one appear.

Also, speak with your doctor about breast cancer screening. They know the best time to start screening and will help you to the next steps if there are any concerns. Checking in on your breasts yourself, having your doctor check, and having regular screenings will help you be prepared and catch anything early should there be any signs of breast cancer to find.

Dr. Gorman

Valerie J. Gorman, MD, FACS, works to ensure that her patients are informed and receive a personalized approach to cancer treatment and breast cancer surgery. If you have questions about breast cancer or how it is treated, she or the team at Texas Breast Center in Waxahachie are happy to help answer your questions.

Dr. Gorman is board certified by the American Board of Surgery and serves as Medical Director of Surgical Services and Chief of Surgery at Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Waxahachie.


Breast Self Exam: What to Look For

Last month was breast cancer awareness month, a time to highlight the importance of cancer screening and breast health. The Center for Disease Control has named breast cancer as the most common cancer for women in the United States. Approximately 12% (that is, 1 in every eight women) will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer over her lifetime.

These statistics shift depending on other factors like age, race, and certain genetic factors. For example, African-American women are far more likely to be diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer than women of other races, and to die of breast cancer of any kind. Asian, Native American, and Hispanic women tend to have lower risks of developing breast cancer, though they should still be aware of the signs and symptoms.

Why is Breast Cancer Screening Important?

In September of 2019, the American Cancer Society announced a new stance on breast self-exams. They stated that self-checks do not tend to reveal any early signs of cancer when women are also getting their scheduled breast cancer screening mammograms and regular checks by their health professionals. That’s not to say that people do not come to their doctors after spotting changes in their breasts. However, these changes are often noticed during dressing or bathing.

Despite this announcement, breast checks can still provide valuable insight. It is easiest to spot changes in your breast if you are familiar with it in the first place. If you are doing a regular breast self-exam, you will be ready to catch anything out of the ordinary–whether that be during your exam or while getting dressed.

How to do a Breast Self-Exam

There are two basic steps to a breast check. You’ll want to examine the breasts by looking and by feeling. Both of these steps can be further broken down from there. Try to do all parts of the exam on the same day and around the same time in your cycle every time: a week after your period ends is a standard time to do it. If you don’t get a period, set a date every month to do your breast self-exam.

Look

For the looking portion of the check, you will want to stand in front of a mirror. You will be standing in a few different poses and looking at a few different angles–front, right, and left.

In each of your poses, you will want to look at a few factors. Make a note of the shape of your breasts, especially in comparison to one another. It is far from unusual for one to be larger than the other, but sudden or drastic changes in size should not happen. Keep an eye out for a change in the usual vein patterns in your breasts. If the veins have increased or expanded significantly, you may want to speak with your doctor. Symptoms display in your nipples if they are consistently itchy, red, swollen, scaly, inverted, or are producing discharge. Finally, check the skin on your breasts for dimpling, redness, rash, puckering, or anything that could be considered like an orange peel. These could all be signs of something happening beneath the surface.

The best way to look for all of these symptoms is to examine your breasts from all angles. First, face the mirror with your arms down at your sides. Turn to the left and the right to check both sides of each breast. Next, place your hands on your hips with your elbows out to your sides, keeping your shoulders up and back. Repeat the pattern of front, left, and right. This same pose can be done hunched forward. This adjustment allows the breasts to hang so that you can see the underside.

Now, raise your arms straight above your head. You can clasp them together or leave them in a superman pose, but try to remember what you have done in previous breast exams so that you know what to expect. Once you have made a thorough observation, lean forward at the hips so that your breast hang forward again, keeping your arms above your head.

Make a note of anything you find that is different from normal and keep an eye on it. Many symptoms we attribute to breast cancer can also be symptoms of things like PMS, a swollen lymph node due to another infection, or many other factors, though, so observe first. However, if you have strong concerns, don’t hesitate to call your health professional for answers.

Feel

To start the feeling check, you will want a comfortable and flat place to lie down. You will lay flat on your back with your right arm up behind your head (if you are starting with your right breast). The goal is to get your breasts as flat as possible.

Once you are in a comfortable position, you will want to start feeling along the outer edge of your breast, near your armpit. You will want to use the pads of your fingers rather than your fingertips and move in small, smooth circles. Perform each circle at more than one pressure–light, medium, and firm–between the size of a dime and a quarter. By varying the amount of pressure, you can check more of the breast tissue. Move in a slow, up and down pattern across until you have covered the entire breast. Another option is to start at the nipple and perform your press checks in a spiral outwards. So long as you have a pattern to ensure you cover the entire breast and become familiar with it, this should be sufficient. Try to follow the same pattern every time you do your breast self-exam.

Once you have finished your exam lying down, it is best to give your breasts an exam while standing or sitting up as well. You will use the same pattern you have established for yourself, using firm, medium, and light pressure and the pads of your fingers to feel for anything unusual in the breast tissue you might have missed while lying down.

When is a Breast Lump Cancer?

It’s not entirely uncommon to find some kind of lump or bump when doing your breast self-exam. Hormones, infections, and other causes can cause temporary lumps that you may detect during your monthly checks. There are common attributes that a cancerous lump will have, though none are a guarantee. If you are concerned about anything you find, have your doctor examine it as well.

Your fingers can detect the most common criteria for a cancerous lump during your breast self-exam. The lump will be a firm, painless mass. The edges are sometimes irregular. If you have a lump that is getting larger over time, that may also be a cause for concern.

Of course, each case is unique. Some cancerous lumps may be painful or soft, and some may feel perfectly round. They can be more challenging to detect in people with more dense breast tissue or scar tissue on their breast–for example, those who have had previous breast surgery. These denser tissues can also make it somewhat more difficult for mammograms to detect cancer. People with dense breast tissue or scar tissue should be particularly familiar with their breasts so that they can detect changes early.

What Causes Breast Cancer?

While there is no one singular cause of breast cancer, there are several risk factors that could increase the likelihood of a diagnosis. Some are environmental factors that may be controlled, while others are physical characteristics or part of your history.

Gender, race, age, and genetics are all potential risk factors. Women are more likely to develop breast cancer, and this risk increases once they reach the age of 55. Some genes, like the BRCA1 and the BRCA2 genes, can be passed through generations and are considered a potential cause. If a first-degree relative (a daughter, sister, or mother) has or had breast cancer, your risk doubles. Because of the importance of hormones as a risk factor, your menstrual history may also be a factor. Those who started their period early–before the age of twelve–may have an increased risk.

Some risk factors are situational or environmental. Tobacco and alcohol use can increase your risk, especially in younger patients, as can being overweight or obese. Some previous benign or noncancerous breast conditions may influence your risk later on. Hormone use, such as hormone replacement therapy, both current and in the past, can increase your risk. One risk factor that is easier to lower is living a sedentary. Exercising regularly will decrease your risk of developing breast cancer.

Breast Self-Exam Results

The primary purpose of a breast self-exam is to help you to familiarize yourself with your breasts. If you know what the skin, muscle, and tissue feel like on a typical day, then you will be better prepared to notice anything abnormal should something come up.

These tests are not a reason to avoid getting a mammogram or having a physician examine you, especially if you are among those with risk factors. If you do come across something in one of your breast self-exams that has you concerned, bring it up with your doctor, or with Dr. Gorman at the Texas Breast Center. As a surgeon specializing in surgical oncology and surgical diseases in the breast, she can help you understand whether your lump, change in skin texture, or any change is a cause for concern. And, if it is, she and her team will help you set up a treatment plan.

Valerie J. Gorman, MD, FACS, is board certified by the American Board of Surgery and serves as Chief of Surgery and Medical Director of Surgical Services at Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Waxahachie. Her goal is to ensure that all of her patients have an informed, personalized approach to breast surgery and cancer treatment.


Birth Control and Breast Cancer: What’s the Connection?

contraception and breast cancerLate in 2017, the media picked up on a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that linked hormonal contraceptives, like the pill and some intrauterine devices (IUDs), with a higher risk of breast cancer.

After hearing this news, you might be concerned about whether your family planning choices might increase your cancer risk. Here’s what I explain to my patients.

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